Azolla filiculoides

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Habitus and growth type

  • Height [m]: 0.01
    ?
  • Growth form: clonal herb
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  • Life form: hydrophyte
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Leaf

  • Leaf presence and metamorphosis: leaves present, not modified
    ?
  • Leaf arrangement (phyllotaxis): alternate
    ?
  • Leaf shape: simple – entire
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  • Stipules: absent
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  • Petiole: absent
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  • Leaf life span: evergreen
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  • Leaf anatomy: hydromorphic
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Flower

  • Flowering period [month]: August–October
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  • Dicliny: dioecious
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  • Generative reproduction type: allogamy
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Fruit, seed and dispersal

  • Reproduction type: by seed/spores and vegetatively
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  • Dispersal unit (diaspore): spore, shoot fragment
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  • Dispersal strategy: Wolffia (mainly hydrochory)
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  • Myrmecochory: non-myrmecochorous (b)
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Belowground organs and clonality

  • Type of clonal growth organ: stem fragment
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  • Freely dispersible organs of clonal growth: present
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  • Shoot life span (cyclicity): monocyclic shoots prevailing
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  • Branching type of stem-derived organs of clonal growth: dichotomous
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  • Primary root: absent
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  • Persistence of the clonal growth organ [year]: 1
    ?
  • Number of clonal offspring: 6
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  • Clonal index: 7
    ?
  • Bud bank

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  • Size of the belowground bud bank (root buds excluded): 0
  • Size of the belowground bud bank (root buds included): 0

Trophic mode

  • Parasitism and mycoheterotrophy: autotrophic
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  • Carnivory: non-carnivorous
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  • Symbiotic nitrogen fixation: no nitrogen-fixing symbionts
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Karyology

  • Chromosome number (2n): 44 (66)
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  • Ploidy level (x): 2 (3)
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  • 2C genome size [Mbp]: 1174.92
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  • 1Cx monoploid genome size [Mbp]: 587.46
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  • Genomic GC content: 45.2 %
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Taxon origin

  • Origin in the Czech Republic: neophyte
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  • Invasion status: naturalized
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  • Geographic origin: North America
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  • Year of the first record in the wild: 1895
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  • Period of introduction: Late Modern Period (1800–1950)
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  • Introduction pathway: intentional – nature, unintentional – anthropogenic
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Ecological indicator values

  • Ellenberg-type indicator values

  • Light indicator value: 7 – half-light plant, mostly occurring at full light, but also in the shade up to about 30% of diffuse radiation incident in an open area
    ?
  • Temperature indicator value: 8 – transition between values 7 and 9
    ?
  • Moisture indicator value: 11 – aquatic plant rooted under water, but at least temporarily with leaves above the surface, or a plant floating on the water surface
    ?
  • Reaction indicator value: 6x – transition between values 5 and 7 (generalist)
    ?
  • Nutrient indicator value: 8 – pronounced nutrient indicator
    ?
  • Salinity indicator value: 0 – not salt tolerant, glycophyte
    ?

Habitat and sociology

  • Occurrence in habitats

    ?
  • 3 Aquatic vegetation

  • 3A Macrophytic vegetation of eutrophic and mesotrophic still waters: 2 – optimum
  • 4 Wetland and riverine herbaceous vegetation

  • 4A Reed-beds of eutrophic still waters: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 4C Eutrophic vegetation of muddy substrata: 1 – rare occurrence
  • Affinity to the forest environment

    ?
  • Affinity to the forest environment in Thermophyticum: 0 – taxon that does not spontaneously occur in Czech forests
  • Affinity to the forest environment in Mesophyticum and Oreophyticum: 0 – taxon that does not spontaneously occur in Czech forests
  • Diagnostic taxon

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  • Diagnostic taxon of associations: VAA08 Ceratophyllo-Azolletum filiculoidis
  • Constant taxon

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  • Constant taxon of associations: VAA08 Ceratophyllo-Azolletum filiculoidis
  • Dominant taxon

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  • Dominant taxon of associations: VAA08 Ceratophyllo-Azolletum filiculoidis

Distribution and frequency

  • Floristic zone: northern temperate, southern temperate, submeridional, meridional, subtropical
    ?
  • Floristic region: Americas, Eastern America
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  • Distribution range extension along the continentality gradient: 5
    ?
  • Elevational belt in the Czech Republic: lowlands, colline belt
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  • Occurrence frequency in the basic grid mapping cells and quadrants of the basic grid mapping cells: 18, 18
    ?
  • Commonness in vegetation plots from the Czech Republic

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  • Occurrence frequency in vegetation plots: 0 %
  • Occurrence frequency in vegetation plots with a cover above 5%: 100 %
  • Occurrence frequency in vegetation plots with a cover above 25%: 100 %
  • Occurrence frequency in vegetation plots with a cover above 50%: 100 %
  • Mean percentage cover in vegetation plots: 79.7 %
  • Maximum percentage cover in vegetation plots: 88 %
  • Number of habitats with taxon occurrence in the Czech Republic

    ?
  • Number of narrow habitats in which the taxon occurs: 3
  • Number of narrow habitats in which the taxon has its optimum: 1
  • Number of broad habitats in which the taxon occurs: 2
  • Number of broad habitats in which the taxon has its optimum: 1

Threats and protection

  • Red List 2017 (national categories): taxon is not on the Red List
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  • Red List 2017 (IUCN categories): LC(NA) – least concern (taxon is not on the Red List)
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  • Legal protection: not protected by law
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