Cephalanthera rubra

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Habitus and growth type

  • Height [m]: 0.3–0.7
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  • Growth form: clonal herb
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  • Life form: geophyte
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  • Life strategy: CSR – competitor/stress-tolerator/ruderal
    ?

Leaf

  • Leaf presence and metamorphosis: leaves present, not modified
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  • Leaf arrangement (phyllotaxis): alternate
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  • Leaf shape: simple – entire
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  • Stipules: absent
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  • Petiole: absent
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  • Leaf life span: summer green
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  • Leaf anatomy: mesomorphic
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Flower

  • Flowering period [month]: May–June
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  • Flowering phase: 7 Ligustrum vulgare-Stachys sylvatica (end of early summer)
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  • Flower colour: pink
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  • Flower symmetry: zygomorphic
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  • Perianth type: homochlamydeous
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  • Perianth fusion: free
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  • Inflorescence type: spica
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  • Dicliny: synoecious
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  • Generative reproduction type: mixed mating
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  • Pollination syndrome: insect-pollination, selfing
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Fruit, seed and dispersal

  • Fruit type: dry fruit – capsule
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  • Fruit colour: green, brown
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  • Reproduction type: by seed/spores and vegetatively
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  • Dispersal unit (diaspore): seed
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  • Dispersal strategy: Lycopodium (mainly anemochory)
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  • Myrmecochory: non-myrmecochorous (b)
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Belowground organs and clonality

  • Shoot metamorphosis: rhizome
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  • Root metamorphosis: root shoot
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  • Storage organ: rhizome
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  • Type of clonal growth organ: hypogeogenous rhizome
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  • Freely dispersible organs of clonal growth: absent
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  • Shoot life span (cyclicity): monocyclic shoots prevailing
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  • Branching type of stem-derived organs of clonal growth: sympodial
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  • Primary root: absent
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  • Persistence of the clonal growth organ [year]: 3.3
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  • Number of clonal offspring: 3
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  • Lateral spreading distance by clonal growth [m]: 0.06
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  • Clonal index: 3
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  • Position of root buds: lateral roots
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  • Role of root buds in life-history of a plant: additive
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  • Bud bank

    ?
  • Number of buds per shoot at the soil surface (root buds excluded): 5
  • Number of buds per shoot at a depth of 0–10 cm (root buds excluded): 8
  • Number of buds per shoot at a depth greater than 10 cm (root buds excluded): 0
  • Size of the belowground bud bank (root buds excluded): 13
  • Depth of the belowground bud bank (root buds exluded) [cm]: 4
  • Number of buds per shoot at the soil surface (root buds included): 5
  • Number of buds per shoot at a depth of 0–10 cm (root buds included): 16
  • Number of buds per shoot at a depth greater than 10 cm (root buds included): 15
  • Size of the belowground bud bank (root buds included): 36
  • Depth of the belowground bud bank (root buds included) [cm]: 9

Trophic mode

  • Parasitism and mycoheterotrophy: partial or initial mycoheterotroph
    ?
  • Carnivory: non-carnivorous
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  • Symbiotic nitrogen fixation: no nitrogen-fixing symbionts
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Karyology

  • Chromosome number (2n): 36 (44, 48)
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  • Ploidy level (x): 2
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  • 2C genome size [Mbp]: 30983.77
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  • 1Cx monoploid genome size [Mbp]: 15491.88
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  • Genomic GC content: 44.9 %
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Taxon origin

  • Origin in the Czech Republic: native
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Ecological indicator values

  • Ellenberg-type indicator values

  • Light indicator value: 4 – transition between values 3 and 5
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  • Temperature indicator value: 5 – moderate heat indicator, occurring from lowland to montane belt, mainly in submontane-temperate areas
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  • Moisture indicator value: 4 – transition between values 3 and 5
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  • Reaction indicator value: 8 – transition between values 7 and 9, occurring mostly in calcium-rich conditions
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  • Nutrient indicator value: 4 – transition between values 3 and 5
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  • Salinity indicator value: 0 – not salt tolerant, glycophyte
    ?

Habitat and sociology

  • Occurrence in habitats

    ?
  • 12 Forests

  • 12F Limestone beech forests: 2 – optimum
  • 12H Peri-Alpidic basiphilous thermophilous oak forests: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 12W Pine and larch plantations: 1 – rare occurrence
  • Affinity to the forest environment

    ?
  • Affinity to the forest environment in Thermophyticum: 1.1 – taxon occurring mainly in the closed forest
  • Affinity to the forest environment in Mesophyticum and Oreophyticum: 1.1 – taxon occurring mainly in the closed forest
  • Diagnostic taxon

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  • Diagnostic taxon of alliances: LBD Sorbo-Fagion sylvaticae
  • Diagnostic taxon of associations: LBD01 Cephalanthero damasonii-Fagetum sylvaticae
  • Ecological specialization indices

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  • Ecological specialization index for all vegetation types: 5.6
  • Ecological specialization index for forest vegetation: 5.5
  • Colonization ability

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  • Index of colonization success (ICS): 2
  • Index of colonization potential (ICP): 8
  • Optimum successional age [years]: 44

Distribution and frequency

  • Floristic zone: northern temperate, southern temperate, submeridional, meridional
    ?
  • Floristic region: Europe
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  • Continentality degree: 5
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  • Distribution range extension along the continentality gradient: 4
    ?
  • Elevational belt in the Czech Republic: lowlands, colline belt, submontane belt
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  • Occurrence frequency in the basic grid mapping cells and quadrants of the basic grid mapping cells: 102, 161
    ?
  • Commonness in vegetation plots from the Czech Republic

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  • Occurrence frequency in vegetation plots: 0.1 %
  • Occurrence frequency in vegetation plots with a cover above 5%: 0 %
  • Occurrence frequency in vegetation plots with a cover above 25%: 0 %
  • Occurrence frequency in vegetation plots with a cover above 50%: 0 %
  • Mean percentage cover in vegetation plots: 1.6 %
  • Maximum percentage cover in vegetation plots: 2 %
  • Number of habitats with taxon occurrence in the Czech Republic

    ?
  • Number of narrow habitats in which the taxon occurs: 3
  • Number of narrow habitats in which the taxon has its optimum: 1
  • Number of broad habitats in which the taxon occurs: 1
  • Number of broad habitats in which the taxon has its optimum: 1

Threats and protection

  • Red List 2017 (national categories): C2b – endangered taxon, rare and declining
    ?
  • Red List 2017 (IUCN categories): EN – endangered
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  • Legal protection: endangered taxon
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