Ceratophyllum submersum

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Habitus and growth type

  • Height [m]: 0.3–1.2
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  • Growth form: clonal herb
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  • Life form: hydrophyte
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Leaf

  • Leaf presence and metamorphosis: leaves present, not modified
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  • Leaf arrangement (phyllotaxis): verticillate
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  • Leaf shape: simple – forked
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  • Stipules: absent
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  • Petiole: absent
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  • Leaf life span: evergreen
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  • Leaf anatomy: hydromorphic
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Flower

  • Flowering period [month]: June–September
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  • Flowering phase: 8 Clematis vitalba-Galium sylvaticum (mid-summer)
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  • Flower colour: green
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  • Flower symmetry: actinomorphic
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  • Perianth type: reduced
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  • Perianth fusion: reduced
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  • Inflorescence type: flores solitarii
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  • Dicliny: monoecious
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  • Generative reproduction type: facultative autogamy
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  • Pollination syndrome: water-pollination
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Fruit, seed and dispersal

  • Fruit type: dry fruit – nut
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  • Fruit colour: brown
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  • Reproduction type: mostly vegetatively, rarely by seed/spores
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  • Dispersal unit (diaspore): fruit, infrutescence or its part, turion, shoot fragment
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  • Dispersal strategy: Wolffia (mainly hydrochory)
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  • Myrmecochory: non-myrmecochorous (b)
    ?

Belowground organs and clonality

  • Shoot metamorphosis: turion
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  • Storage organ: turion
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  • Type of clonal growth organ: turion
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  • Freely dispersible organs of clonal growth: present
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  • Primary root: absent
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  • Persistence of the clonal growth organ [year]:
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  • Number of clonal offspring:
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  • Lateral spreading distance by clonal growth [m]:
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  • Clonal index: 7
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  • Bud bank

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  • Number of buds per shoot at the soil surface (root buds excluded):
  • Number of buds per shoot at a depth of 0–10 cm (root buds excluded):
  • Number of buds per shoot at a depth greater than 10 cm (root buds excluded):
  • Size of the belowground bud bank (root buds excluded):
  • Depth of the belowground bud bank (root buds exluded) [cm]:
  • Number of buds per shoot at the soil surface (root buds included):
  • Number of buds per shoot at a depth of 0–10 cm (root buds included):
  • Number of buds per shoot at a depth greater than 10 cm (root buds included):
  • Size of the belowground bud bank (root buds included):
  • Depth of the belowground bud bank (root buds included) [cm]:

Trophic mode

  • Parasitism and mycoheterotrophy: autotrophic
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  • Carnivory: non-carnivorous
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  • Symbiotic nitrogen fixation: no nitrogen-fixing symbionts
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Karyology

  • Chromosome number (2n): 40 (72)
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  • Ploidy level (x): 2 (4)
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  • 2C genome size [Mbp]: 1496.36
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  • 1Cx monoploid genome size [Mbp]: 748.18
    ?
  • Genomic GC content: 40.3 %
    ?

Taxon origin

  • Origin in the Czech Republic: native
    ?

Ecological indicator values

  • Ellenberg-type indicator values

  • Light indicator value: 5 – semi-shade plant, only exceptionally occurring in full light, but usually at more than 10% of the diffuse radiation incident in an open area
    ?
  • Temperature indicator value: 8 – transition between values 7 and 9
    ?
  • Moisture indicator value: 12 – permanently or almost permanently submerged aquatic plant
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  • Reaction indicator value: 7 – indicator of slightly acidic to slightly basic conditions, never occurring in very acidic conditions
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  • Nutrient indicator value: 7 – occurring at nutrient-rich sites more often than at average sites and only exceptionally at poor sites
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  • Salinity indicator value: 2 – oligohaline, often on soils with very low salt content
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  • Indicator values for disturbance

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  • Whole-community disturbance frequency indicator value: -0.31
  • Herb layer disturbance frequency indicator value: -0.31
  • Whole-community disturbance severity indicator value: 0.19
  • Herb layer disturbance severity indicator value: 0.23
  • Whole-community structure based disturbance indicator value: 0.52
  • Herb layer structure-based disturbance indicator value: 0.55

Habitat and sociology

  • Occurrence in habitats

    ?
  • 3 Aquatic vegetation

  • 3A Macrophytic vegetation of eutrophic and mesotrophic still waters: 2 – optimum
  • 4 Wetland and riverine herbaceous vegetation

  • 4A Reed-beds of eutrophic still waters: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 4B Halophilous reed and sedge beds: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 4C Eutrophic vegetation of muddy substrata: 2 – optimum
  • Affinity to the forest environment

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  • Affinity to the forest environment in Thermophyticum: 0 – taxon that does not spontaneously occur in Czech forests
  • Affinity to the forest environment in Mesophyticum and Oreophyticum: 0 – taxon that does not spontaneously occur in Czech forests
  • Diagnostic taxon

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  • Diagnostic taxon of alliances: VAC Hydrocharition morsus-ranae
  • Diagnostic taxon of associations: VAC04 Potamo-Ceratophylletum submersi
  • Constant taxon

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  • Constant taxon of associations: VAC04 Potamo-Ceratophylletum submersi
  • Dominant taxon

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  • Dominant taxon of associations: VAC04 Potamo-Ceratophylletum submersi
  • Ecological specialization indices

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  • Ecological specialization index for all vegetation types: 5.5
  • Ecological specialization index for non-forest vegetation: 5.5
  • Colonization ability

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  • Index of colonization success (ICS): 1

Distribution and frequency

  • Floristic zone: northern temperate, southern temperate, submeridional, meridional, subtropical, tropical
    ?
  • Floristic region: Europe, Asia
    ?
  • Continentality degree: 6
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  • Distribution range extension along the continentality gradient: 5
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  • Elevational belt in the Czech Republic: lowlands, colline belt
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  • Occurrence frequency in the basic grid mapping cells and quadrants of the basic grid mapping cells: 131, 195
    ?
  • Commonness in vegetation plots from the Czech Republic

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  • Occurrence frequency in vegetation plots: 0.3 %
  • Occurrence frequency in vegetation plots with a cover above 5%: 62.8 %
  • Occurrence frequency in vegetation plots with a cover above 25%: 56.4 %
  • Occurrence frequency in vegetation plots with a cover above 50%: 46.2 %
  • Mean percentage cover in vegetation plots: 43.6 %
  • Maximum percentage cover in vegetation plots: 88 %
  • Number of habitats with taxon occurrence in the Czech Republic

    ?
  • Number of narrow habitats in which the taxon occurs: 4
  • Number of narrow habitats in which the taxon has its optimum: 2
  • Number of broad habitats in which the taxon occurs: 2
  • Number of broad habitats in which the taxon has its optimum: 2

Threats and protection

  • Red List 2017 (national categories): C3 – vulnerable taxon
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  • Red List 2017 (IUCN categories): LC – least concern
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  • Legal protection: endangered taxon
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