Epilobium ×montaniforme

Data on the presence of leaves on the plant and their metamorphoses are based on the Flora of the Czech Republic (vol. 1–8) and the Key to the Flora of the Czech Republic (Kubát et al. 2002).

Categories

• leaves present, not modified
• leaves modified to spines
• leaves modified to tendrils
• leaves modified to phyllodes
• leaves modified to pitchers
• leaves reduced to collars
• leaves reduced to sheaths
• leaves reduced to scales
• leaves absent

Data source and citation

Hejný S., Slavík B., Chrtek J., Tomšovic P. & Kovanda M. (eds) (1988): Květena České socialistické republiky 1. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Hrouda L. & Skalický V. (eds) (1990): Květena České republiky 2. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Kirschner J. & Křísa B.(eds) (1992): Květena České republiky 3. – Academia, Praha.
Kubát K., Hrouda L., Chrtek J. jun., Kaplan Z., Kirschner J. & Štěpánek J. (eds) (2002): Klíč ke květeně České republiky [Key to the Flora of the Czech Republic]. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Štěpánková J. (eds) (2000): Květena České republiky 6. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Tomšovic P. (eds) (1997): Květena České republiky 5. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Smejkal M., Dvořáková M. & Grulich V. (eds) (1995): Květena České republiky 4. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Štěpánková J. & Štěpánek J. (eds) (2004): Květena České republiky 7. – Academia, Praha.
Štěpánková J., Chrtek J. jun. & Kaplan Z. (eds) (2010): Květena České republiky 8. – Academia, Praha.

Data on presence/absence of stipules. Caducous stipules, i.e. those disappearing soon after the leaf blade has developed (e.g. in the genus Prunus), were considered as equal to persistent stipules (character state “stipules present”). The interpetiolar stipules, which are morphologically not distinguishable from true leaves (e.g. in Rubiaceae, rendering the leaves “whorled”), were also considered as true stipules (character state “stipules present”). In contrast, stipules modified to glands (e.g. in Lotus) or hairs (e.g. in Portulacaceae) were considered as the character state “stipules absent”.

Information about the presence of stipules was extracted from the descriptions in the Flora of the Czech Republic (vol. 1–8; Hejný et al. 1988–1992, Slavík et al. 1997–2004, Štěpánková et al. 2010). In cases of uncertainties, mainly concerning alien taxa, descriptions in the Flora of North America (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 1993), Flora of China (Wu et al. 1994) and Flora of Pakistan (http://www.tropicos.org/Project/Pakistan) were consulted.

Categories

• present
• absent

Data source and citation

Grulich V., Holubová D., Štěpánková P. & Řezníčková M. (2017): Stipules. – www.pladias.cz.

Further references

Flora of North America Editorial Committee (eds) (1993): Flora of North America North of Mexico. – Oxford University Press, New York.
Flora of Pakistan. – http://www.tropicos.org/Project/Pakistan
Hejný S., Slavík B., Chrtek J., Tomšovic P. & Kovanda M. (eds) (1988): Květena České socialistické republiky 1. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Hrouda L. & Skalický V. (eds) (1990): Květena České republiky 2. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Kirschner J. & Křísa B. (eds) (1992): Květena České republiky 3. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Štěpánková J. (eds) (2000): Květena České republiky 6. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Tomšovic P. (eds) (1997): Květena České republiky 5. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Smejkal M., Dvořáková M. & Grulich V. (eds) (1995): Květena České republiky 4. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Štěpánková J. & Štěpánek J. (eds) (2004): Květena České republiky 7. – Academia, Praha.
Štěpánková J., Chrtek J. jun. & Kaplan Z. (eds) (2010): Květena České republiky 8. – Academia, Praha.
Wu Z., Raven P. H. & Huang D. (eds) (1994): Flora of China. – Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.

Data on presence/absence of petiole. The Flora of the Czech Republic (Vols 1–8; Hejný et al. 1988–1992; Slavík et al. 1995–2004; Štěpánková et al. 2010), the Key to the Flora of the Czech Republic (Kubát et al. 2002), the New Hungarian Herbal (Király et al. 2011) and the Excursion Flora of Germany (Rothmaler 2000) were used as data sources.

Categories

• present
• mainly present
• both present and absent
• mainly absent
• absent

Data source and citation

Prokešová H. & Grulich V. (2017): Petiole. – www.pladias.cz.

Further references

Hejný S., Slavík B., Chrtek J., Tomšovic P. & Kovanda M. (eds) (1988): Květena České socialistické republiky 1. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Hrouda L. & Skalický V. (eds) (1990): Květena České republiky 2. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Kirschner J. & Křísa B.(eds) (1992): Květena České republiky 3. – Academia, Praha.
Király G., Virók V. & Molnár V. (eds) (2011): Új Magyar füvészkönyv. Magyarország hajtásos növényei: ábrák. – Aggteleki Nemzeti Park Igazgatóság, Jósvafő.
Kubát K., Hrouda L., Chrtek J. jun., Kaplan Z., Kirschner J. & Štěpánek J. (eds) (2002): Klíč ke květeně Českérepubliky [Key to the flora of the Czech Republic]. – Academia, Praha.
Rothmaler W. (2000): Exkursionsflora von Deutschland. Gefäßpflanzen: Atlasband. – Spectrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg, Berlin.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Štěpánková J. (eds) (2000): Květena České republiky 6. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Tomšovic P. (eds) (1997): Květena České republiky 5. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Smejkal M., Dvořáková M. & Grulich V. (eds) (1995): Květena České republiky 4. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Štěpánková J. & Štěpánek J. (eds) (2004): Květena České republiky 7. – Academia, Praha.
Štěpánková J., Chrtek J. jun. & Kaplan Z. (eds) (2010): Květena České republiky 8. – Academia, Praha.

Flower colour is reported for nearly all angiosperms except duckweeds (Araceae p. p.) and some hybrids for which data on flower colour were not available.

If a species has more than one flower colour, all colours are reported irrespective of their frequency. This approach is used both for species that regularly form populations with different flower colours (e.g. Corydalis cava and Iris pumila) and for species with occasional occurrence of deviating flower colour (e.g. albinism in Salvia pratensis or pink flowers in Ajuga reptans). However, the whole range of variation is not fully reported in cultivated plants, for which all the cultivars of different colour may not be reported (e.g. Gladiolus hortulanus and Callistephus chinensis).

In plants with flowers of two colours (e.g. Cypripedium calceolus), both colours are reported. In plants with multi-coloured flowers (e.g. the variegated lip in Ophrys apifera) the predominant colour is reported.

If the flower has a well-developed corolla or perigon, the reported flower colour depends on these parts. If such a flower has bracts of a contrasting colour (e.g. Melampyrum nemorosum), their colour is not considered. If corolla or perigon are not developed, the flower colour is based on calyx (e.g. Daphne mezereum) or bracts (e.g. Aristolochia clematitis). Similarly, the colour of the system of bracts and bracteoles in the inflorescence was assessed in Euphorbia, or the colour of the involucre on secondary peduncles was assessed in Bupleurum longifolium. In species of Araceae with spadix and spathe of contrasting colours (e.g. Calla palustris) both colours are reported, while in small pleustonic species with tiny flowers the colour is not reported.

The colour of the whole inflorescence is reported in woody plants with reduced flowers (e.g. catkins in Betula or Salix). The colour of reduced flowers of graminoid plants, especially Cyperaceae and Typhaceae, was assessed in a similar way. Spikelets in Poaceae are reported as green disregarding a possible violet tint; exceptions include Melica ciliata agg. and Cortaderia that are reported as white. Also in other (rare) cases, the inflorescence colour is reported as flower colour (e.g. Ficus carica – green).

In Asteraceae, the colours of the disk flowers and ray flowers are reported separately if the ray flowers are developed and have a contrasting colour (e.g. Bellis perennis). The colour of involucrum is reported for species with tiny flower heads and indistinct flowers (e.g. Artemisia campestris and Xanthium) and for “immortelles” (e.g. Helichrysum and Xeranthemum).

Flower colours were divided into the following main categories, including colours of different hue and saturation:

• white (including grey and silvery, and rare cases of individuals with white colour) – e.g. ray flowers of Leucanthemum vulgare, albinotic plants of Glechoma hederacea, catkins of Salix caprea
• yellow-white (including white-yellow and cream) – e.g. Scabiosa ochroleuca
• green-white (including white-green and greenish) – e.g. Orthilia secunda
• green – e.g. Poa pratensis (the colour relates to the glumes and lemmas)
• yellow-green (including green-yellow) – e.g. Acer pseudoplatanus, Rhamnus cathartica
• yellow – e.g. Taraxacum
• orange – e.g. Pilosella aurantiaca
• pink (including white-pink, pink-white and dark pink) – e.g. Malva alcea, Rosa canina
• pink-violet – e.g. Allium schoenoprasum
• red – e.g. Papaver rhoeas
• red-violet (includes all the hues of purple, pink-red and violet-red) – e.g. Astragalus onobrychis, Cirsium palustre
• violet (including dark violet and black-violet) – e.g. Bartsia alpina, Salvia verticillata
• blue – e.g. Centaurea cyanus
• blue-violet – e.g. Aconitum plicatum
• brown (including yellow-brown, brown-yellow, beige and brown-violet) – e.g. Euonymus verrucosus, Neottia nidus-avis
• red-brown – e.g. Asarum europaeum, Scrophularia nodosa
• black – e.g. Carex acuta (the colour relates to the colour of bracts)

Information on flower colour was obtained from the field knowledge, various photographs and descriptions in the Flora of the Czech Republic (volumes 1–8; Hejný et al. 1988–1992, Slavík et al. 1997–2004, Štěpánková et al. 2010). In the taxa that are not reported in the Flora of the Czech Republic, as well as in unclear cases (especially in alien species of the Czech flora), other sources were used, especially the Flora of North America (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 1993), Flora of China (Wu et al. 1994) and Flora of Pakistan (http://www.tropicos.org/Project/Pakistan).

Categories

• white
• yellow-white
• green-white
• green
• yellow-green
• yellow
• orange
• pink
• pink-violet
• red
• red-violet
• violet
• blue
• blue-violet
• brown
• red-brown
• black

Data source and citation

Štěpánková P. & Grulich V. (2019): Flower colour. – www.pladias.cz.

Further references

Flora of North America Editorial Committee (eds) (1993): Flora of North America North of Mexico. – Oxford University Press, New York.
Flora of Pakistan. – http://www.tropicos.org/Project/Pakistan
Hejný S., Slavík B., Chrtek J., Tomšovic P. & Kovanda M. (eds) (1988): Květena České socialistické republiky 1. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Hrouda L. & Skalický V. (eds) (1990): Květena České republiky 2. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Kirschner J. & Křísa B. (eds) (1992): Květena České republiky 3. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Štěpánková J. (eds) (2000): Květena České republiky 6. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Tomšovic P. (eds) (1997): Květena České republiky 5. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Smejkal M., Dvořáková M. & Grulich V. (eds) (1995): Květena České republiky 4. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Štěpánková J. & Štěpánek J. (eds) (2004): Květena České republiky 7. – Academia, Praha.
Štěpánková J., Chrtek J. jun. & Kaplan Z. (eds) (2010): Květena České republiky 8. – Academia, Praha.
Wu Z., Raven P. H. & Huang D. (eds) (1994): Flora of China. – Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.

The morphology of the perianth (perigon), i.e. the non-reproductive part of the flower, is assessed. Heterochlamydeous flowers are divided into calyx and corolla. In homochlamydeous flowers, calyx and corolla are indistinguishable. Perianth or some of its parts can be reduced or absent; flowers with no perianth are called achlamydeous. In the Apiaceae family, the presence of the calyx teeth was assessed as a reduced calyx; if these teeth are invisible, the calyx was considered as absent. In the Asteraceae family, the presence of a pappus, scales or a collar-like structure was considered as a reduced calyx; if no pappus bristles or similar structures were present, the calyx was considered as absent. In the Cyperaceae family, the presence of perigon bristles was assessed as a reduced perigon. All members of the Poaceae family were considered as plants with a reduced perigon. The perianth in the genus Basella was arbitrarily classified as a reduced calyx though it is also often considered as a reduced homochlamydeous.

The character states “homochlamydeous, sometimes absent” and “homochlamydeous, reduced or absent ” mean that in one plant some flowers may have a well-developed or reduced perianth, respectively, while other flowers may by achlamydeous (e.g. some genera of the Amaranthaceae family, mainly in the genus Atriplex). In the genus Aristolochia the actual reduced perianth was assessed although the flower is completely hidden in a conspicuous zygomorphic bract.

The information was extracted mainly from the descriptions in the Flora of the Czech Republic (vol. 1–8; Hejný et al. 1988–1992, Slavík et al. 1997–2004, Štěpánková et al. 2010). For the taxa not treated in that flora or if some uncertainties occurred, mainly concerning some alien taxa, descriptions in the Flora of North America (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 1993), Flora of China (Wu et al. 1994) and Flora of Pakistan (http://www.tropicos.org/Project/Pakistan) were consulted.

Categories

• homochlamydeous
• homochlamydeous, sometimes reduced
• homochlamydeous, sometimes reduced or absent
• homochlamydeous, sometimes absent
• homochlamydeous, reduced or absent
• calyx and corolla
• calyx and corolla, corolla reduced or absent
• calyx and corolla, corolla sometimes absent
• calyx present, corolla sometimes reduced
• calyx present, corolla reduced
• calyx present, corolla reduced or absent
• calyx present, corolla sometimes absent
• calyx present, corolla absent
• calyx reduced, corolla present
• calyx sometimes absent, corolla present
• calyx absent, corolla present
• calyx absent, corolla sometimes present
• reduced
• reduced or absent
• flower achlamydeous

Data source and citation

Grulich V., Prokešová H. & Štěpánková P. (2017): Perianth. – www.pladias.cz.

Further references

Flora of North America Editorial Committee (eds) (1993): Flora of North America North of Mexico. – Oxford University Press, New York.
Flora of Pakistan. – http://www.tropicos.org/Project/Pakistan
Hejný S., Slavík B., Chrtek J., Tomšovic P. & Kovanda M. (eds) (1988): Květena České socialistické republiky 1. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Hrouda L. & Skalický V. (eds) (1990): Květena České republiky 2. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Kirschner J. & Křísa B. (eds) (1992): Květena České republiky 3. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Štěpánková J. (eds) (2000): Květena České republiky 6. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Tomšovic P. (eds) (1997): Květena České republiky 5. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Smejkal M., Dvořáková M. & Grulich V. (eds) (1995): Květena České republiky 4. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Štěpánková J. & Štěpánek J. (eds) (2004): Květena České republiky 7. – Academia, Praha.
Štěpánková J., Chrtek J. jun. & Kaplan Z. (eds) (2010): Květena České republiky 8. – Academia, Praha.
Wu Z., Raven P. H. & Huang D. (eds) (1994): Flora of China. – Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.

Calyx can be fused into calyx tube (synsepalous calyx) or composed of distinct sepals (synsepalous). A cup-shaped tube formed of fused sepals, petals and stamens is called hypanthium. In some plants (especially in Asteraceae) calyx is modified into a ring of fine feathery hairs called pappus. The Flora of the Czech Republic (Vols 1–8; Hejný et al. 1988–1992; Slavík et al. 1995–2004; Štěpánková et al. 2010), the Key to the Flora of the Czech Republic (Kubát et al. 2002), the New Hungarian Herbal (Király et al. 2011) and the Excursion Flora of Germany (Rothmaler 2000) were used as data sources.

Categories

• aposepalous
• fused at the base
• synsepalous and aposepalous
• synsepalous
• pappus
• hypanthium

Data source and citation

Prokešová H. & Grulich V. (2017): Calyx fusion. – www.pladias.cz.

Further references

Hejný S., Slavík B., Chrtek J., Tomšovic P. & Kovanda M. (eds) (1988): Květena České socialistické republiky 1. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Hrouda L. & Skalický V. (eds) (1990): Květena České republiky 2. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Kirschner J. & Křísa B.(eds) (1992): Květena České republiky 3. – Academia, Praha.
Király G., Virók V. & Molnár V. (eds) (2011): Új Magyar füvészkönyv. Magyarország hajtásos növényei: ábrák. – Aggteleki Nemzeti Park Igazgatóság, Jósvafő.
Kubát K., Hrouda L., Chrtek J. jun., Kaplan Z., Kirschner J. & Štěpánek J. (eds) (2002): Klíč ke květeně Českérepubliky [Key to the flora of the Czech Republic]. – Academia, Praha.
Rothmaler W. (2000): Exkursionsflora von Deutschland. Gefäßpflanzen: Atlasband. – Spectrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg, Berlin.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Štěpánková J. (eds) (2000): Květena České republiky 6. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Tomšovic P. (eds) (1997): Květena České republiky 5. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Smejkal M., Dvořáková M. & Grulich V. (eds) (1995): Květena České republiky 4. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Štěpánková J. & Štěpánek J. (eds) (2004): Květena České republiky 7. – Academia, Praha.
Štěpánková J., Chrtek J. jun. & Kaplan Z. (eds) (2010): Květena České republiky 8. – Academia, Praha.

Inflorescence types follow the morphological system used in the Flora of the Czech Republic (vol. 1–8; Hejný et al. 1988–1992, Slavík et al. 1997–2004, Štěpánková et al. 2010). As the Czech terminology used for inflorescences does not match the English terminology, we use Latin terms in the English version of the Pladias database. The exact identification of the inflorescence type is often equivocal because of varying interpretations of the same object. In species with unisexual flowers, male and female flowers can occur in different inflorescence types. In other cases, it is not possible to identify the inflorescence without detailed knowledge of evolutionary morphology, e.g. umbella vs. pseudumbella in the genus Butomus. There are also compound inflorescences, in some cases with very different structure of their parts, especially in Asteraceae, which can have even triple inflorescences (e.g. Echinops often has an anthella ex capitulis anthodiorum composita).

The information was extracted mainly from the descriptions in the Flora of the Czech Republic (vol. 1–8; Hejný et al. 1988–1992, Slavík et al. 1997–2004, Štěpánková et al. 2010). For the taxa not treated in that flora or if some uncertainties occurred, mainly concerning some alien taxa, descriptions in the Flora of North America (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 1993), Flora of China (Wu et al. 1994) and Flora of Pakistan (http://www.tropicos.org/Project/Pakistan) were consulted. In critical groups (e.g. the genus Rubus), especially in recently described species, inflorescence type was taken from original sources.

Categories

• pseudumbella e cyathiis composita
• capitulum
• capitulum e floribus masculis compositum
• capitulum e spiculis compositum
• capitulum e verticillastris compositum
• capitulum e floribus femineis compositum
• capitulum ex anthodiis compositum
• racemus
• racemus e capitulis compositus
• racemus ex corymbis anthodiorum compositus
• racemus e spiculis compositus
• racemus e verticillastris compositus
• racemus ex umbellis compositus
• racemus e floribus masculis compositus
• racemus e floribus femineis compositus
• racemus e fasciculis compositus
• racemus ex anthodiis compositus
• racemus ex anthodiis masculis compositus
• racemus e cincinnis compositus
• corymbothyrsus
• corymbothyrsus e fasciculis compositus
• corymbothyrsus ex fasciculis anthodiorum compositus
• corymbothyrsus ex anthodiis compositus
• corymbus
• corymbus ex anthodiis compositus
• amentum
• amentum e floribus masculis
• amentum e floribus femineis
• spica
• spica e spiculis composita
• spica e floribus masculis composita
• spica e floribus femineis composita
• spicula
• anthella
• anthella ex capitulis anthodiorum composita
• anthella e spiculis composita
• anthella e floribus masculis composita
• anthella ex anthodiis composita
• flores solitarii
• flores solitarii masculi
• flores solitarii feminei
• panicula
• panicula e capitulis composita
• panicula ex capitulis anthodiorum composita
• panicula e corymbis composita
• panicula e spiculis composita
• panicula e spiculis masculis composita
• panicula e pseudospicis composita
• panicula e floribus masculis composita
• panicula e fasciculis composita
• panicula e bostrychibus composita
• panicula ex anthodiis composita
• panicula e dichasiis composita
• panicula e cincinnis composita
• pseudospica
• pseudospica e capitulis composita
• pseudospica e spiculis composita
• pseudospica e verticillastris composita
• pseudospica e floribus masculis composita
• pseudospica ex anthodiis composita
• pseudumbella
• pseudumbella ex anthodiis composita
• verticillastrum
• pseudoracemus
• umbella
• umbella e spicis spicularum composita
• spadix
• spadix e floribus femineis compositus
• umbella composita
• fasciculus
• fasciculus e floribus masculis compositus
• fasciculus e floribus femineis compositus
• fasciculus ex anthodiis femineis compositus
• syconium
• strobilus
• bostryx
• anthodium
• anthodium solitarium
• rhipidium
• dichasium
• dichasium e floribus femineis compositum
• dichasium ex anthodiis compositum
• cincinnus

Data source and citation

Grulich V. & Štěpánková P. (2019) Inflorescence type. – www.pladias.cz.

Further references

Flora of North America Editorial Committee (eds) (1993): Flora of North America North of Mexico. – Oxford University Press, New York.
Flora of Pakistan. – http://www.tropicos.org/Project/Pakistan
Hejný S., Slavík B., Chrtek J., Tomšovic P. & Kovanda M. (eds) (1988): Květena České socialistické republiky 1. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Hrouda L. & Skalický V. (eds) (1990): Květena České republiky 2. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Kirschner J. & Křísa B. (eds) (1992): Květena České republiky 3. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Štěpánková J. (eds) (2000): Květena České republiky 6. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Tomšovic P. (eds) (1997): Květena České republiky 5. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Smejkal M., Dvořáková M. & Grulich V. (eds) (1995): Květena České republiky 4. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Štěpánková J. & Štěpánek J. (eds) (2004): Květena České republiky 7. – Academia, Praha.
Štěpánková J., Chrtek J. jun. & Kaplan Z. (eds) (2010): Květena České republiky 8. – Academia, Praha.
Wu Z., Raven P. H. & Huang D. (eds) (1994): Flora of China. – Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.

Plant parasitism is based on two mechanisms. The first group of parasitic plants involves those that parasitize directly on another plant. These plants are called haustorial parasites. Using their characteristic organ, the haustorium, they uptake resources from the host’s vascular bundles. The second group comprises mycoheterotrophic plants, which parasitize on fungi via mycorrhizal interaction and gain organic carbon from them.

Taxa of both groups display variable dependence on their host organism. Green hemiparasites (hemiparasites, retaining the photosynthetic ability, which, however, can obtain part of the organic carbon from its host) and non-green holoparasites (holoparasites unable, to photosynthesize) are distinct functional groups within the haustorial parasites. Location of the haustorial attachment to the host (root or stem) is another important functional trait. The distinction between hemiparasites and holoparasites may not be straightforward in haustorial parasites. Consequently, we classify as holoparasites those plants that are in adulthood mostly without chlorophyll, even though some of them might have some chlorophyll and may perform residual photosynthesis (e.g. Cuscuta).

In mycoheterotrophic plants, there is a continuum from initial mycoheterotrophs through partial mycoheterotrophs to full mycoheterotrophs. In the initial mycoheterotrophs only initial stages, i.e. gametophytes or seedlings, are dependent on the fungus, whereas adult plants are autotrophic, while still depending on mycorrhizal symbiosis as a source of water and mineral nutrients. In the partial mycoheterotrophs photosynthesizing adults obtain from their mycorrhizal fungi not only water and mineral nutrients but also organic carbon to a different level. The full mycoheterotrophs lost their chlorophyll and are thus fully parasitic. In some partial mycoheterotrophs (e.g. the genus Cephalanthera), chlorotic individuals (i.e. plants without chlorophyll) can be found, which fully depend on their hosts.

Classification of haustorial parasites follows Těšitel (2016), and identification of mycoheterotrophs follows Merckx (2012).

Categories

• autotrophic
• root hemiparasite
• stem hemiparasite
• root holoparasite
• stem holoparasite
• partial or initial mycoheterotroph
• full mycoheterotroph

Data source and citation

Těšitel J., Těšitelová T., Blažek P. & Lepš J. (2016): Parasitism and mycoheterotrophy. – www.pladias.cz.

Further references

Těšitel J. (2016): Functional biology of parasitic plants: a review. – Plant Ecology and Evolution 149: 5–20.
Merckx V. S. F. T. (2012): Mycoheterotrophy: The biology of plants living on fungi. – Springer, Berlin.

Carnivorous plants attract, trap and kill their prey, animals (typically insects and small crustaceans) and protozoans, and subsequently absorb the nutrients from their dead bodies. There is no energy flow from the prey toward the carnivorous plants.

Categories

• carnivorous
• non-carnivorous

Data source and citation

Hejný S., Slavík B., Chrtek J., Tomšovic P. & Kovanda M. (eds) (1988): Květena České socialistické republiky 1. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Hrouda L. & Skalický V. (eds) (1990): Květena České republiky 2. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Kirschner J. & Křísa B.(eds) (1992): Květena České republiky 3. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Štěpánková J. (eds) (2000): Květena České republiky 6. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Tomšovic P. (eds) (1997): Květena České republiky 5. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Smejkal M., Dvořáková M. & Grulich V. (eds) (1995): Květena České republiky 4. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Štěpánková J. & Štěpánek J. (eds) (2004): Květena České republiky 7. – Academia, Praha.
Štěpánková J., Chrtek J. jun. & Kaplan Z. (eds) (2010): Květena České republiky 8. – Academia, Praha.

Plants are classified into groups without symbiotic nitrogen fixers and those that form a symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. The latter are further divided into those forming symbiosis with rhizobia (e.g. genera Allorhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, Mesorhizobium, Rhizobium and Sinorhizobium) and those forming the symbiosis with the genus Frankia, the latter called actinorhizal plants (Bond 1983, Pawlowski & Sprent 2007, Sprent 2008, Benson 2016).

Categories

• symbiosis with rhizobia
• symbiosis with Frankia
• no nitrogen-fixing symbionts

Data source and citation

Blažek P. & Lepš J. (2016): Symbiotic nitrogen fixing. – www.pladias.cz.

Further references

Benson D. R. (2016): Frankia & Actinorhizal Plants. – http://web.uconn.edu/mcbstaff/benson/Frankia/FrankiaHome.htm (accessed on 28 Apr 2016)
Bond G. (1983): Taxonomy and distribution of non-legume nitrogen-fixing systems. – In: Gordon J. C. & Wheeler C. T. (eds), Biological nitrogen fixation in forests: foundations and applications, p. 55–87, Martinus Nijhoff/Dr W. Junk Publ., The Hague.
Pawlowski K. & Sprent J. I. (2007): Comparison between actinorhizal and legume symbioses. – In: Pawlowski K. & Newton W. E. (eds), Nitrogen-fixing actinorhizal symbioses, p. 261–288, Springer, Dordrecht.
Sprent J. I. (2008): Evolution and diversity of legume symbiosis. – In: Dilworth M. J., James E. K., Sprent J. I. & Newton W. E. (eds), Nitrogen-fixing leguminous symbioses, p. 1–21, Springer, Dordrecht.

Taxa are classified according to whether they are native or alien in the Czech Republic. The latter are divided based on their residence time (archaeophytes introduced to the area due to human activities before the end of the Medieval vs neophytes introduced after that date). Additionally, some frequently cultivated taxa that are not known to have escaped from cultivation are listed. Following the definitions used in invasion ecology, native taxa are those that have evolved in the area of the Czech Republic or immigrated there without human assistance from the area where they had evolved. Alien taxa are those whose presence is a result of intentional or unintentional introduction by human activity. Archaeophytes are alien taxa occurring in the wild that were introduced during the period between the beginning of the Neolithic agriculture and the year 1500, related to the discovery of America and the beginning of the intercontinental overseas trade. Neophytes are taxa occurring in the wild that were introduced after 1500 (see Richardson et al. 2000 for detailed definitions). Introduced plants that are only cultivated but do not escape to the wild are listed as a separated category.

The data included in the database were originally published in the Catalogue of alien plants of the Czech Republic, 2nd edition (Pyšek et al. 2012 and references related to individual taxa therein). The list was amended by taxa listed in the Checklist of vascular plants of the Czech Republic (Danihelka et al. 2012) and recent records.

Categories

• native
• archaeophyte
• neophyte
• cultivated only

Data source and citation

Danihelka J., Chrtek J. jun. & Kaplan Z. (2012): Checklist of vascular plants of the Czech Republic. – Preslia 84: 647–811.
Pyšek P., Danihelka J., Sádlo J., Chrtek J. jun., Chytrý M., Jarošík V., Kaplan Z., Krahulec F., Moravcová L., Pergl J., Štajerová K. & Tichý L. (2012): Catalogue of alien plants of the Czech Republic (2nd edition): checklist update, taxonomic diversity and invasion patterns. – Preslia 84: 155–255.

Further references

Richardson D. M., Pyšek P., Rejmánek M., Barbour M. G., Panetta F. D. & West C. J. (2000): Naturalization and invasion of alien plants: concepts and definitions. – Diversity and Distributions 6: 93–107.