Erodium neuradifolium

Data on the presence of leaves on the plant and their metamorphoses are based on the Flora of the Czech Republic (vol. 1–8) and the Key to the Flora of the Czech Republic (Kubát et al. 2002).

Categories

• leaves present, not modified
• leaves modified to spines
• leaves modified to tendrils
• leaves modified to phyllodes
• leaves modified to pitchers
• leaves reduced to collars
• leaves reduced to sheaths
• leaves reduced to scales
• leaves absent

Data source and citation

Hejný S., Slavík B., Chrtek J., Tomšovic P. & Kovanda M. (eds) (1988): Květena České socialistické republiky 1. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Hrouda L. & Skalický V. (eds) (1990): Květena České republiky 2. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Kirschner J. & Křísa B.(eds) (1992): Květena České republiky 3. – Academia, Praha.
Kubát K., Hrouda L., Chrtek J. jun., Kaplan Z., Kirschner J. & Štěpánek J. (eds) (2002): Klíč ke květeně České republiky [Key to the Flora of the Czech Republic]. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Štěpánková J. (eds) (2000): Květena České republiky 6. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Tomšovic P. (eds) (1997): Květena České republiky 5. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Smejkal M., Dvořáková M. & Grulich V. (eds) (1995): Květena České republiky 4. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Štěpánková J. & Štěpánek J. (eds) (2004): Květena České republiky 7. – Academia, Praha.
Štěpánková J., Chrtek J. jun. & Kaplan Z. (eds) (2010): Květena České republiky 8. – Academia, Praha.

Four basic types of leaf arrangement are distinguished: alternate, opposite, whorled and basal rosette. The character is assessed in well-developed specimens, i.e. not in those re-sprouting after damage by mowing or grazing or those with teratological modifications. In some taxa more than one character state may occur (e.g. Hylotelephium jullianum and Salix purpurea): all character states are recorded in such cases. In some plants, the arrangement of frondose bracts in the inflorescence is assessed separately (e.g. in Veronica persica and V. polita true leaves are opposite, while bracts are alternate). Leaves with interpetiolar stipules found in the Rubiaceae family are considered as whorled. In some taxa the leaf arrangement is difficult to assess; for instance, in Rhamnus cathartica the leaves are considered as opposite, although in most cases they are actually subopposite. The leaflet arrangement in compound leaves is not considered; consequently, leaf arrangement both in Vicia dumetorum and V. sepium was assessed as alternate although the latter has opposite leaflets.

The information was extracted mainly from the descriptions in the Flora of the Czech Republic (vol. 1–8; Hejný et al. 1988–1992, Slavík et al. 1997–2004, Štěpánková et al. 2010). In cases of uncertainties, mainly in alien taxa, further sources were consulted, including the Flora of North America (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 1993), Flora of China (Wu et al. 1994) and Flora of Pakistan (http://www.tropicos.org/Project/Pakistan).

Categories

• alternate
• opposite
• verticillate
• rosulate

Data source and citation

Grulich V., Holubová D., Štěpánková P. & Řezníčková M. (2017): Leaf arrangement. – www.pladias.cz.

Further references

Flora of North America Editorial Committee (eds) (1993): Flora of North America North of Mexico. – Oxford University Press, New York.
Flora of Pakistan. – http://www.tropicos.org/Project/Pakistan
Hejný S., Slavík B., Chrtek J., Tomšovic P. & Kovanda M. (eds) (1988): Květena České socialistické republiky 1. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Hrouda L. & Skalický V. (eds) (1990): Květena České republiky 2. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Kirschner J. & Křísa B. (eds) (1992): Květena České republiky 3. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Štěpánková J. (eds) (2000): Květena České republiky 6. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Tomšovic P. (eds) (1997): Květena České republiky 5. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Smejkal M., Dvořáková M. & Grulich V. (eds) (1995): Květena České republiky 4. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Štěpánková J. & Štěpánek J. (eds) (2004): Květena České republiky 7. – Academia, Praha.
Štěpánková J., Chrtek J. jun. & Kaplan Z. (eds) (2010): Květena České republiky 8. – Academia, Praha.
Wu Z., Raven P. H. & Huang D. (eds) (1994): Flora of China. – Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.

The basic distinction is made between simple and compound leaves. The simple leaves are categorized based on the leaf blade division associated with venation into palmately divided (e.g. Alchemilla), pinnately divided (e.g. Achillea millefolium), forked (e.g. Batrachium, Ceratophyllum and Utricularia) and pedate (e.g. Helleborus). The categorization is based on well-developed leaves. In many taxa, transitions occur between simple leaves with a dentate or serrate margin, and simple divided (pinnately or palmately lobed) leaves. Only the leaves with the lamina divided to at least one-quarter of their width are considered as divided. Many taxa with varying leaf division are assigned to more than one character state.

The compound leaves are divided into palmate and pinnate. The taxa that have both ternate and pinnate leaves, the latter with two pairs of leaflets (e.g. Aegopodium podagraria and some other species of the Apiaceae family), are assigned to both character states. The degree of division in pinnately compound leaves indicated here relates to well-developed leaves, especially to the basal part of the lamina. Taxa with multiple pinnately compound leaves are assigned to two or more character states based on the level of division, but very small leaves, which may correspond to simple leaves, are not considered.

In many cases, there are transitions between simple and compound leaves, especially between pinnatisect and pinnate leaves. Leaves with linear or filiform segments, including the bi-, tri- or even more-pinnatisect or palmatisect leaves (e.g. stem leaves in Batrachium fluitans, Cardamine pratensis and the genus Seseli) are classified as simple (dissected) leaves. In contrast, leaves with wider segments attached to the rachis by a distinct constriction or a petiolule (e.g. stem leaves in Cardamine dentata or ground leaves in Pimpinella saxifraga) are classified as compound.

In heterophyllous taxa, all types of leaves are assessed, and the taxon is assigned to two or more character states. However, less divided leaves found in juvenile plants of some taxa are not considered as heterophylly. The parasitic plants with rudimentary (vestigial) leaves (e.g. Cuscuta) or the plants with phylloclades replacing the vestigial leaves (e.g. Asparagus) are assigned the character state “reduced”.

The information was extracted mainly from the descriptions in the Flora of the Czech Republic (vols. 1–8; Hejný et al. 1988 onwards). In uncertain cases, mainly for alien taxa, further sources were consulted, including the Flora of North America (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 1993 onwards), the Flora of China (Wu et al. 1994 onwards) and the Flora of Pakistan (www.efloras.org).

Categories

• simple – entire
• simple – palmately divided
• simple – pinnately divided
• simple – forked
• simple – pedate
• compound – ternate
• compound – palmate (5-foliate)
• compound – palmate (7-foliate)
• compound – palmate (8- and more-foliate)
• compound – imparipinnate
• compound – paripinnate
• compound – interruptedly pinnate
• compound – bipinnate
• compound – tripinnate
• compound – quadripinate
• reduced

Data source and citation

Grulich V., Holubová D., Štěpánková P. & Řezníčková M. (2017): Leaf shape – www.pladias.cz.

Further references

Flora of North America Editorial Committee (eds) (1993): Flora of North America North of Mexico. – Oxford University Press, New York.
Flora of Pakistan. – http://www.tropicos.org/Project/Pakistan
Hejný S., Slavík B., Chrtek J., Tomšovic P. & Kovanda M. (eds) (1988): Květena České socialistické republiky 1. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Hrouda L. & Skalický V. (eds) (1990): Květena České republiky 2. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Kirschner J. & Křísa B. (eds) (1992): Květena České republiky 3. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Štěpánková J. (eds) (2000): Květena České republiky 6. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Tomšovic P. (eds) (1997): Květena České republiky 5. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Smejkal M., Dvořáková M. & Grulich V. (eds) (1995): Květena České republiky 4. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Štěpánková J. & Štěpánek J. (eds) (2004): Květena České republiky 7. – Academia, Praha.
Štěpánková J., Chrtek J. jun. & Kaplan Z. (eds) (2010): Květena České republiky 8. – Academia, Praha.
Wu Z., Raven P. H. & Huang D. (eds) (1994): Flora of China. – Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.

Data on presence/absence of stipules. Caducous stipules, i.e. those disappearing soon after the leaf blade has developed (e.g. in the genus Prunus), were considered as equal to persistent stipules (character state “stipules present”). The interpetiolar stipules, which are morphologically not distinguishable from true leaves (e.g. in Rubiaceae, rendering the leaves “whorled”), were also considered as true stipules (character state “stipules present”). In contrast, stipules modified to glands (e.g. in Lotus) or hairs (e.g. in Portulacaceae) were considered as the character state “stipules absent”.

Information about the presence of stipules was extracted from the descriptions in the Flora of the Czech Republic (vol. 1–8; Hejný et al. 1988–1992, Slavík et al. 1997–2004, Štěpánková et al. 2010). In cases of uncertainties, mainly concerning alien taxa, descriptions in the Flora of North America (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 1993), Flora of China (Wu et al. 1994) and Flora of Pakistan (http://www.tropicos.org/Project/Pakistan) were consulted.

Categories

• present
• absent

Data source and citation

Grulich V., Holubová D., Štěpánková P. & Řezníčková M. (2017): Stipules. – www.pladias.cz.

Further references

Flora of North America Editorial Committee (eds) (1993): Flora of North America North of Mexico. – Oxford University Press, New York.
Flora of Pakistan. – http://www.tropicos.org/Project/Pakistan
Hejný S., Slavík B., Chrtek J., Tomšovic P. & Kovanda M. (eds) (1988): Květena České socialistické republiky 1. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Hrouda L. & Skalický V. (eds) (1990): Květena České republiky 2. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Kirschner J. & Křísa B. (eds) (1992): Květena České republiky 3. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Štěpánková J. (eds) (2000): Květena České republiky 6. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Tomšovic P. (eds) (1997): Květena České republiky 5. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Smejkal M., Dvořáková M. & Grulich V. (eds) (1995): Květena České republiky 4. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Štěpánková J. & Štěpánek J. (eds) (2004): Květena České republiky 7. – Academia, Praha.
Štěpánková J., Chrtek J. jun. & Kaplan Z. (eds) (2010): Květena České republiky 8. – Academia, Praha.
Wu Z., Raven P. H. & Huang D. (eds) (1994): Flora of China. – Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.

Data on presence/absence of petiole. The Flora of the Czech Republic (Vols 1–8; Hejný et al. 1988–1992; Slavík et al. 1995–2004; Štěpánková et al. 2010), the Key to the Flora of the Czech Republic (Kubát et al. 2002), the New Hungarian Herbal (Király et al. 2011) and the Excursion Flora of Germany (Rothmaler 2000) were used as data sources.

Categories

• present
• mainly present
• both present and absent
• mainly absent
• absent

Data source and citation

Prokešová H. & Grulich V. (2017): Petiole. – www.pladias.cz.

Further references

Hejný S., Slavík B., Chrtek J., Tomšovic P. & Kovanda M. (eds) (1988): Květena České socialistické republiky 1. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Hrouda L. & Skalický V. (eds) (1990): Květena České republiky 2. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Kirschner J. & Křísa B.(eds) (1992): Květena České republiky 3. – Academia, Praha.
Király G., Virók V. & Molnár V. (eds) (2011): Új Magyar füvészkönyv. Magyarország hajtásos növényei: ábrák. – Aggteleki Nemzeti Park Igazgatóság, Jósvafő.
Kubát K., Hrouda L., Chrtek J. jun., Kaplan Z., Kirschner J. & Štěpánek J. (eds) (2002): Klíč ke květeně Českérepubliky [Key to the flora of the Czech Republic]. – Academia, Praha.
Rothmaler W. (2000): Exkursionsflora von Deutschland. Gefäßpflanzen: Atlasband. – Spectrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg, Berlin.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Štěpánková J. (eds) (2000): Květena České republiky 6. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Tomšovic P. (eds) (1997): Květena České republiky 5. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Smejkal M., Dvořáková M. & Grulich V. (eds) (1995): Květena České republiky 4. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Štěpánková J. & Štěpánek J. (eds) (2004): Květena České republiky 7. – Academia, Praha.
Štěpánková J., Chrtek J. jun. & Kaplan Z. (eds) (2010): Květena České republiky 8. – Academia, Praha.

Flower colour is reported for nearly all angiosperms except duckweeds (Araceae p. p.) and some hybrids for which data on flower colour were not available.

If a species has more than one flower colour, all colours are reported irrespective of their frequency. This approach is used both for species that regularly form populations with different flower colours (e.g. Corydalis cava and Iris pumila) and for species with occasional occurrence of deviating flower colour (e.g. albinism in Salvia pratensis or pink flowers in Ajuga reptans). However, the whole range of variation is not fully reported in cultivated plants, for which all the cultivars of different colour may not be reported (e.g. Gladiolus hortulanus and Callistephus chinensis).

In plants with flowers of two colours (e.g. Cypripedium calceolus), both colours are reported. In plants with multi-coloured flowers (e.g. the variegated lip in Ophrys apifera) the predominant colour is reported.

If the flower has a well-developed corolla or perigon, the reported flower colour depends on these parts. If such a flower has bracts of a contrasting colour (e.g. Melampyrum nemorosum), their colour is not considered. If corolla or perigon are not developed, the flower colour is based on calyx (e.g. Daphne mezereum) or bracts (e.g. Aristolochia clematitis). Similarly, the colour of the system of bracts and bracteoles in the inflorescence was assessed in Euphorbia, or the colour of the involucre on secondary peduncles was assessed in Bupleurum longifolium. In species of Araceae with spadix and spathe of contrasting colours (e.g. Calla palustris) both colours are reported, while in small pleustonic species with tiny flowers the colour is not reported.

The colour of the whole inflorescence is reported in woody plants with reduced flowers (e.g. catkins in Betula or Salix). The colour of reduced flowers of graminoid plants, especially Cyperaceae and Typhaceae, was assessed in a similar way. Spikelets in Poaceae are reported as green disregarding a possible violet tint; exceptions include Melica ciliata agg. and Cortaderia that are reported as white. Also in other (rare) cases, the inflorescence colour is reported as flower colour (e.g. Ficus carica – green).

In Asteraceae, the colours of the disk flowers and ray flowers are reported separately if the ray flowers are developed and have a contrasting colour (e.g. Bellis perennis). The colour of involucrum is reported for species with tiny flower heads and indistinct flowers (e.g. Artemisia campestris and Xanthium) and for “immortelles” (e.g. Helichrysum and Xeranthemum).

Flower colours were divided into the following main categories, including colours of different hue and saturation:

• white (including grey and silvery, and rare cases of individuals with white colour) – e.g. ray flowers of Leucanthemum vulgare, albinotic plants of Glechoma hederacea, catkins of Salix caprea
• yellow-white (including white-yellow and cream) – e.g. Scabiosa ochroleuca
• green-white (including white-green and greenish) – e.g. Orthilia secunda
• green – e.g. Poa pratensis (the colour relates to the glumes and lemmas)
• yellow-green (including green-yellow) – e.g. Acer pseudoplatanus, Rhamnus cathartica
• yellow – e.g. Taraxacum
• orange – e.g. Pilosella aurantiaca
• pink (including white-pink, pink-white and dark pink) – e.g. Malva alcea, Rosa canina
• pink-violet – e.g. Allium schoenoprasum
• red – e.g. Papaver rhoeas
• red-violet (includes all the hues of purple, pink-red and violet-red) – e.g. Astragalus onobrychis, Cirsium palustre
• violet (including dark violet and black-violet) – e.g. Bartsia alpina, Salvia verticillata
• blue – e.g. Centaurea cyanus
• blue-violet – e.g. Aconitum plicatum
• brown (including yellow-brown, brown-yellow, beige and brown-violet) – e.g. Euonymus verrucosus, Neottia nidus-avis
• red-brown – e.g. Asarum europaeum, Scrophularia nodosa
• black – e.g. Carex acuta (the colour relates to the colour of bracts)

Information on flower colour was obtained from the field knowledge, various photographs and descriptions in the Flora of the Czech Republic (volumes 1–8; Hejný et al. 1988–1992, Slavík et al. 1997–2004, Štěpánková et al. 2010). In the taxa that are not reported in the Flora of the Czech Republic, as well as in unclear cases (especially in alien species of the Czech flora), other sources were used, especially the Flora of North America (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 1993), Flora of China (Wu et al. 1994) and Flora of Pakistan (http://www.tropicos.org/Project/Pakistan).

Categories

• white
• yellow-white
• green-white
• green
• yellow-green
• yellow
• orange
• pink
• pink-violet
• red
• red-violet
• violet
• blue
• blue-violet
• brown
• red-brown
• black

Data source and citation

Štěpánková P. & Grulich V. (2019): Flower colour. – www.pladias.cz.

Further references

Flora of North America Editorial Committee (eds) (1993): Flora of North America North of Mexico. – Oxford University Press, New York.
Flora of Pakistan. – http://www.tropicos.org/Project/Pakistan
Hejný S., Slavík B., Chrtek J., Tomšovic P. & Kovanda M. (eds) (1988): Květena České socialistické republiky 1. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Hrouda L. & Skalický V. (eds) (1990): Květena České republiky 2. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Kirschner J. & Křísa B. (eds) (1992): Květena České republiky 3. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Štěpánková J. (eds) (2000): Květena České republiky 6. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Tomšovic P. (eds) (1997): Květena České republiky 5. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Smejkal M., Dvořáková M. & Grulich V. (eds) (1995): Květena České republiky 4. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Štěpánková J. & Štěpánek J. (eds) (2004): Květena České republiky 7. – Academia, Praha.
Štěpánková J., Chrtek J. jun. & Kaplan Z. (eds) (2010): Květena České republiky 8. – Academia, Praha.
Wu Z., Raven P. H. & Huang D. (eds) (1994): Flora of China. – Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.

Flowere are divided to zygomorphic (with bilateral symmetry) and actinomorphic (with radial symmetry). This character was not assessed in spore-bearing vascular plants and gymnosperms. Neither was it assessed in taxa with achlamydeous flowers (e.g. Salix ) and in taxa with a strongly reduced or rudimentary perianth or with the perianth modified in scale-like or setaceous structures. This applies to numerous plants adapted to anemogamy or hydrogamy; the former group includes all the members of the families Betulaceae, Fagaceae, Cyperaceae and Poaceae; the latter, for instance, the genera Ceratophyllum and Zannichellia. In these plants, the flowers are considered as reduced. In contrast, flower symmetry was assessed in plants with the perianth reduced to a corolla-like calyx (genus Daphne or the family Aizoaceae), further in taxa in which the perianth is replaced by a petal-like bract (Aristolochia) and in taxa with flowers surrounded by complex structures combining bracts with the proper perianth or petal-like staminodes and stamens (Canna). Flowers with spiral or spirocyclic phyllotaxy, which may be considered as actinomorphic at the first look, were classified as actinomorphic in the Nymphaeaceae family and in most species of Ranunculaceae, though they are actually asymmetric, while flowers in some other members of Ranunculaceae (e.g. in the genera Aconitum and Delphinium) were classified as zygomorphic. Dissymmetric flowers (in the Brassicaceae family and the genera Dicentra and Lamprocapnos) were consistently classified as actinomorphic.

The information about flower symmetry was extracted from the descriptions in the Flora of the Czech Republic (vol. 1–8; Hejný et al. 1988–1992, Slavík et al. 1997–2004, Štěpánková et al. 2010). If some uncertainty occurred, particularly for some alien taxa, the descriptions in the Flora of North America (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 1993), Flora of China (Wu et al. 1994) and Flora of Pakistan (http://www.tropicos.org/Project/Pakistan) were consulted.

Categories

• actinomorphic
• zygomorphic

Data source and citation

Grulich V., Holubová D., Štěpánková P. & Řezníčková M. (2017): Flower symmetry. – www.pladias.cz.

Further references

Flora of North America Editorial Committee (eds) (1993): Flora of North America North of Mexico. – Oxford University Press, New York.
Flora of Pakistan. – http://www.tropicos.org/Project/Pakistan
Hejný S., Slavík B., Chrtek J., Tomšovic P. & Kovanda M. (eds) (1988): Květena České socialistické republiky 1. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Hrouda L. & Skalický V. (eds) (1990): Květena České republiky 2. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Kirschner J. & Křísa B. (eds) (1992): Květena České republiky 3. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Štěpánková J. (eds) (2000): Květena České republiky 6. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Tomšovic P. (eds) (1997): Květena České republiky 5. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Smejkal M., Dvořáková M. & Grulich V. (eds) (1995): Květena České republiky 4. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Štěpánková J. & Štěpánek J. (eds) (2004): Květena České republiky 7. – Academia, Praha.
Štěpánková J., Chrtek J. jun. & Kaplan Z. (eds) (2010): Květena České republiky 8. – Academia, Praha.
Wu Z., Raven P. H. & Huang D. (eds) (1994): Flora of China. – Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.

The morphology of the perianth (perigon), i.e. the non-reproductive part of the flower, is assessed. Heterochlamydeous flowers are divided into calyx and corolla. In homochlamydeous flowers, calyx and corolla are indistinguishable. Perianth or some of its parts can be reduced or absent; flowers with no perianth are called achlamydeous. In the Apiaceae family, the presence of the calyx teeth was assessed as a reduced calyx; if these teeth are invisible, the calyx was considered as absent. In the Asteraceae family, the presence of a pappus, scales or a collar-like structure was considered as a reduced calyx; if no pappus bristles or similar structures were present, the calyx was considered as absent. In the Cyperaceae family, the presence of perigon bristles was assessed as a reduced perigon. All members of the Poaceae family were considered as plants with a reduced perigon. The perianth in the genus Basella was arbitrarily classified as a reduced calyx though it is also often considered as a reduced homochlamydeous.

The character states “homochlamydeous, sometimes absent” and “homochlamydeous, reduced or absent ” mean that in one plant some flowers may have a well-developed or reduced perianth, respectively, while other flowers may by achlamydeous (e.g. some genera of the Amaranthaceae family, mainly in the genus Atriplex). In the genus Aristolochia the actual reduced perianth was assessed although the flower is completely hidden in a conspicuous zygomorphic bract.

The information was extracted mainly from the descriptions in the Flora of the Czech Republic (vol. 1–8; Hejný et al. 1988–1992, Slavík et al. 1997–2004, Štěpánková et al. 2010). For the taxa not treated in that flora or if some uncertainties occurred, mainly concerning some alien taxa, descriptions in the Flora of North America (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 1993), Flora of China (Wu et al. 1994) and Flora of Pakistan (http://www.tropicos.org/Project/Pakistan) were consulted.

Categories

• homochlamydeous
• homochlamydeous, sometimes reduced
• homochlamydeous, sometimes reduced or absent
• homochlamydeous, sometimes absent
• homochlamydeous, reduced or absent
• calyx and corolla
• calyx and corolla, corolla reduced or absent
• calyx and corolla, corolla sometimes absent
• calyx present, corolla sometimes reduced
• calyx present, corolla reduced
• calyx present, corolla reduced or absent
• calyx present, corolla sometimes absent
• calyx present, corolla absent
• calyx reduced, corolla present
• calyx sometimes absent, corolla present
• calyx absent, corolla present
• calyx absent, corolla sometimes present
• reduced
• reduced or absent
• flower achlamydeous

Data source and citation

Grulich V., Prokešová H. & Štěpánková P. (2017): Perianth. – www.pladias.cz.

Further references

Flora of North America Editorial Committee (eds) (1993): Flora of North America North of Mexico. – Oxford University Press, New York.
Flora of Pakistan. – http://www.tropicos.org/Project/Pakistan
Hejný S., Slavík B., Chrtek J., Tomšovic P. & Kovanda M. (eds) (1988): Květena České socialistické republiky 1. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Hrouda L. & Skalický V. (eds) (1990): Květena České republiky 2. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Kirschner J. & Křísa B. (eds) (1992): Květena České republiky 3. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Štěpánková J. (eds) (2000): Květena České republiky 6. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Tomšovic P. (eds) (1997): Květena České republiky 5. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Smejkal M., Dvořáková M. & Grulich V. (eds) (1995): Květena České republiky 4. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Štěpánková J. & Štěpánek J. (eds) (2004): Květena České republiky 7. – Academia, Praha.
Štěpánková J., Chrtek J. jun. & Kaplan Z. (eds) (2010): Květena České republiky 8. – Academia, Praha.
Wu Z., Raven P. H. & Huang D. (eds) (1994): Flora of China. – Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.

The character is assessed either as a fusion of the corolla or, in homochlamydeous taxa (e.g. in Liliaceae, Amaryllidaceae and Orchidaceae) as a fusion of the perigon. This character was not assessed in spore-bearing vascular plants and gymnosperms, which do not form flowers, and in achlamydeous genera (e.g. Salix). Neither was this character assessed in plants with a strongly reduced or rudimentary perianth or with the perianth modified in scale-like or setaceous structures with a varying number of bristles, which may be free (e.g. in Cyperaceae) or partially fused (e.g. in most of Poaceae); perianth of such plants is considered as reduced. Also, the perianth of the Aristolochia species is classified as reduced (neither fused nor free): the perianth is modified to scales situated at the bottom of a tube-like structure formed by fused bracts. The fusion of the corolla was also not assessed in the genus Daphne, in which the corolla is absent, being functionally replaced by a corolla-like calyx. Both basic character states were assigned to the taxa with unisexual male and female flowers that differ in the fusion of the perianth (e.g. Cannabis). A similar approach was used in taxa in which some flowers are homochlamydeous and others are achlamydeous (e.g. Atriplex).

The basic information was extracted from the Flora of the Czech Republic (vol. 1–8; Hejný et al. 1988–1992, Slavík et al. 1997–2004, Štěpánková et al. 2010). If some uncertainty occurred, especially for alien taxa, other sources were consulted, including the Flora of North America (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 1993), Flora of China (Wu et al. 1994) and Flora of Pakistan (http://www.tropicos.org/Project/Pakistan).

Categories

• free
• fused
• reduced

Data source and citation

Grulich V., Holubová D., Štěpánková P. & Řezníčková M. (2017): Fusion of the perianth. – www.pladias.cz.

Further references

Flora of North America Editorial Committee (eds) (1993): Flora of North America North of Mexico. – Oxford University Press, New York.
Flora of Pakistan. – http://www.tropicos.org/Project/Pakistan
Hejný S., Slavík B., Chrtek J., Tomšovic P. & Kovanda M. (eds) (1988): Květena České socialistické republiky 1. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Hrouda L. & Skalický V. (eds) (1990): Květena České republiky 2. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Kirschner J. & Křísa B.(eds) (1992): Květena České republiky 3. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Štěpánková J. (eds) (2000): Květena České republiky 6. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Tomšovic P. (eds) (1997): Květena České republiky 5. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Smejkal M., Dvořáková M. & Grulich V. (eds) (1995): Květena České republiky 4. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Štěpánková J. & Štěpánek J. (eds) (2004): Květena České republiky 7. – Academia, Praha.
Štěpánková J., Chrtek J. jun. & Kaplan Z. (eds) (2010): Květena České republiky 8. – Academia, Praha.
Wu Z., Raven P. H. & Huang D. (eds) (1994): Flora of China. – Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.

Calyx can be fused into calyx tube (synsepalous calyx) or composed of distinct sepals (synsepalous). A cup-shaped tube formed of fused sepals, petals and stamens is called hypanthium. In some plants (especially in Asteraceae) calyx is modified into a ring of fine feathery hairs called pappus. The Flora of the Czech Republic (Vols 1–8; Hejný et al. 1988–1992; Slavík et al. 1995–2004; Štěpánková et al. 2010), the Key to the Flora of the Czech Republic (Kubát et al. 2002), the New Hungarian Herbal (Király et al. 2011) and the Excursion Flora of Germany (Rothmaler 2000) were used as data sources.

Categories

• aposepalous
• fused at the base
• synsepalous and aposepalous
• synsepalous
• pappus
• hypanthium

Data source and citation

Prokešová H. & Grulich V. (2017): Calyx fusion. – www.pladias.cz.

Further references

Hejný S., Slavík B., Chrtek J., Tomšovic P. & Kovanda M. (eds) (1988): Květena České socialistické republiky 1. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Hrouda L. & Skalický V. (eds) (1990): Květena České republiky 2. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Kirschner J. & Křísa B.(eds) (1992): Květena České republiky 3. – Academia, Praha.
Király G., Virók V. & Molnár V. (eds) (2011): Új Magyar füvészkönyv. Magyarország hajtásos növényei: ábrák. – Aggteleki Nemzeti Park Igazgatóság, Jósvafő.
Kubát K., Hrouda L., Chrtek J. jun., Kaplan Z., Kirschner J. & Štěpánek J. (eds) (2002): Klíč ke květeně Českérepubliky [Key to the flora of the Czech Republic]. – Academia, Praha.
Rothmaler W. (2000): Exkursionsflora von Deutschland. Gefäßpflanzen: Atlasband. – Spectrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg, Berlin.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Štěpánková J. (eds) (2000): Květena České republiky 6. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Tomšovic P. (eds) (1997): Květena České republiky 5. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Smejkal M., Dvořáková M. & Grulich V. (eds) (1995): Květena České republiky 4. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Štěpánková J. & Štěpánek J. (eds) (2004): Květena České republiky 7. – Academia, Praha.
Štěpánková J., Chrtek J. jun. & Kaplan Z. (eds) (2010): Květena České republiky 8. – Academia, Praha.

Inflorescence types follow the morphological system used in the Flora of the Czech Republic (vol. 1–8; Hejný et al. 1988–1992, Slavík et al. 1997–2004, Štěpánková et al. 2010). As the Czech terminology used for inflorescences does not match the English terminology, we use Latin terms in the English version of the Pladias database. The exact identification of the inflorescence type is often equivocal because of varying interpretations of the same object. In species with unisexual flowers, male and female flowers can occur in different inflorescence types. In other cases, it is not possible to identify the inflorescence without detailed knowledge of evolutionary morphology, e.g. umbella vs. pseudumbella in the genus Butomus. There are also compound inflorescences, in some cases with very different structure of their parts, especially in Asteraceae, which can have even triple inflorescences (e.g. Echinops often has an anthella ex capitulis anthodiorum composita).

The information was extracted mainly from the descriptions in the Flora of the Czech Republic (vol. 1–8; Hejný et al. 1988–1992, Slavík et al. 1997–2004, Štěpánková et al. 2010). For the taxa not treated in that flora or if some uncertainties occurred, mainly concerning some alien taxa, descriptions in the Flora of North America (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 1993), Flora of China (Wu et al. 1994) and Flora of Pakistan (http://www.tropicos.org/Project/Pakistan) were consulted. In critical groups (e.g. the genus Rubus), especially in recently described species, inflorescence type was taken from original sources.

Categories

• pseudumbella e cyathiis composita
• capitulum
• capitulum e floribus masculis compositum
• capitulum e spiculis compositum
• capitulum e verticillastris compositum
• capitulum e floribus femineis compositum
• capitulum ex anthodiis compositum
• racemus
• racemus e capitulis compositus
• racemus ex corymbis anthodiorum compositus
• racemus e spiculis compositus
• racemus e verticillastris compositus
• racemus ex umbellis compositus
• racemus e floribus masculis compositus
• racemus e floribus femineis compositus
• racemus e fasciculis compositus
• racemus ex anthodiis compositus
• racemus ex anthodiis masculis compositus
• racemus e cincinnis compositus
• corymbothyrsus
• corymbothyrsus e fasciculis compositus
• corymbothyrsus ex fasciculis anthodiorum compositus
• corymbothyrsus ex anthodiis compositus
• corymbus
• corymbus ex anthodiis compositus
• amentum
• amentum e floribus masculis
• amentum e floribus femineis
• spica
• spica e spiculis composita
• spica e floribus masculis composita
• spica e floribus femineis composita
• spicula
• anthella
• anthella ex capitulis anthodiorum composita
• anthella e spiculis composita
• anthella e floribus masculis composita
• anthella ex anthodiis composita
• flores solitarii
• flores solitarii masculi
• flores solitarii feminei
• panicula
• panicula e capitulis composita
• panicula ex capitulis anthodiorum composita
• panicula e corymbis composita
• panicula e spiculis composita
• panicula e spiculis masculis composita
• panicula e pseudospicis composita
• panicula e floribus masculis composita
• panicula e fasciculis composita
• panicula e bostrychibus composita
• panicula ex anthodiis composita
• panicula e dichasiis composita
• panicula e cincinnis composita
• pseudospica
• pseudospica e capitulis composita
• pseudospica e spiculis composita
• pseudospica e verticillastris composita
• pseudospica e floribus masculis composita
• pseudospica ex anthodiis composita
• pseudumbella
• pseudumbella ex anthodiis composita
• verticillastrum
• pseudoracemus
• umbella
• umbella e spicis spicularum composita
• spadix
• spadix e floribus femineis compositus
• umbella composita
• fasciculus
• fasciculus e floribus masculis compositus
• fasciculus e floribus femineis compositus
• fasciculus ex anthodiis femineis compositus
• syconium
• strobilus
• bostryx
• anthodium
• anthodium solitarium
• rhipidium
• dichasium
• dichasium e floribus femineis compositum
• dichasium ex anthodiis compositum
• cincinnus

Data source and citation

Grulich V. & Štěpánková P. (2019) Inflorescence type. – www.pladias.cz.

Further references

Flora of North America Editorial Committee (eds) (1993): Flora of North America North of Mexico. – Oxford University Press, New York.
Flora of Pakistan. – http://www.tropicos.org/Project/Pakistan
Hejný S., Slavík B., Chrtek J., Tomšovic P. & Kovanda M. (eds) (1988): Květena České socialistické republiky 1. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Hrouda L. & Skalický V. (eds) (1990): Květena České republiky 2. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Kirschner J. & Křísa B. (eds) (1992): Květena České republiky 3. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Štěpánková J. (eds) (2000): Květena České republiky 6. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Tomšovic P. (eds) (1997): Květena České republiky 5. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Smejkal M., Dvořáková M. & Grulich V. (eds) (1995): Květena České republiky 4. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Štěpánková J. & Štěpánek J. (eds) (2004): Květena České republiky 7. – Academia, Praha.
Štěpánková J., Chrtek J. jun. & Kaplan Z. (eds) (2010): Květena České republiky 8. – Academia, Praha.
Wu Z., Raven P. H. & Huang D. (eds) (1994): Flora of China. – Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.

The basic classification of fruit types is into dry and fleshy. Within each of these two groups, fruit types are further classified based on the scheme outlined in the first volume of the Flora of the Czech Republic (Slavíková 1988), which consistently uses the typological method. This means that fruits are classified based purely on their morphology following the formal definitions of the fruit type, regardless of the fruit type found in closely related species or genera.

One-seeded fruits in Brassicaceae (e.g. Crambe) are classified as achenes, not siliculas. Indehiscent two- and more-seeded fruits in the same family, breaking mainly in constrictions (e.g. in Bunias and Raphanus), are consistently classified as a loment, even if the fruit breaks into two distinct parts, of which one is one-seeded and the other, of strikingly different shape, two- or more-seeded and dehiscent, such as in Rapistrum rugosum. A similar approach is used for the classification of fruits in Fabaceae. Dehiscent fruits of most taxa are classified as legumes, while indehiscent two- and more-seeded fruits breaking into single-seeded parts (e.g. in Hippocrepis and Securigera) are classified as loments. One-seeded indehiscent fruits (e.g. in Onobrychis and Trifolium) are classified as achenes. Two- or more-seeded indehiscent fruits (e.g. in Sophora japonica and Vicia faba) are also classified as legumes. The fruits of all Euphorbia species are classified as capsules, although in some cases the seeds are not released. Fleshy false fruits of the genera Basella, Ficus, Maclura, Morus, Nuphar and Nymphaea are merged into a separate category.

The information about fruit type was extracted mainly from the descriptions in the Flora of the Czech Republic (vol. 1–8; Hejný et al. 1988 onwards). For the taxa not treated in that flora or in case of uncertainties, especially regarding alien taxa, descriptions in the Flora of North America (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 1993 onwards), the Flora of China (Wu et al. 1994 onwards), the Flora of Pakistan (www.efloras.org), and Flora Iberica (Castroviejo et al. 1986 onwards; the latter for the Fabaceae family) were consulted.

Categories

• dry fruit – disciform breaking into mericarps
• dry fruit – pair of nutlets
• dry fruit – cremocarp
• dry fruit – double samara
• dry fruit – legume
• dry fruit – follicle
• dry fruit – achene/cypsela/samara
• dry fruit – nut enclosed in an utricle
• dry fruit – caryopsis
• dry fruit – nut
• dry fruit – schizocarp
• dry fruit – cluster of follicles
• dry fruit – head of achenes
• dry fruit – lomentum/transversely dehiscent siliqua
• dry fruit – siliqua
• dry fruit – silicula
• dry fruit – capsule
• dry fruit – cluster of four one-seeded nutlets
• dry fruit – dry schizocarp with an apical beak
• fleshy fruit – berry
• fleshy fruit – pome
• fleshy fruit – drupe
• fleshy fruit – head of one-seeded drupes
• fleshy fruit – hip
• fleshy fruit – special type

Data source and citation

Grulich V., Holubová D., Štěpánková P. & Řezníčková M. (2017): Fruit type. – www.pladias.cz.

Further references

Castroviejo, S., Laínz M., López González G., Montserrat P., Muñoz Garmendia F., Paiva J. & Villar L. (eds.) (1986): Flora Iberica. Plantas vasculares de la Península Ibérica e Islas Baleares. – Real Jardín Botánico, Madrid.
Flora of North America Editorial Committee (eds) (1993): Flora of North America North of Mexico. – Oxford University Press, New York.
Flora of Pakistan. – http://www.tropicos.org/Project/Pakistan
Hejný S., Slavík B., Chrtek J., Tomšovic P. & Kovanda M. (eds) (1988): Květena České socialistické republiky 1. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Hrouda L. & Skalický V. (eds) (1990): Květena České republiky 2. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Kirschner J. & Křísa B. (eds) (1992): Květena České republiky 3. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Štěpánková J. (eds) (2000): Květena České republiky 6. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Tomšovic P. (eds) (1997): Květena České republiky 5. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Smejkal M., Dvořáková M. & Grulich V. (eds) (1995): Květena České republiky 4. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Štěpánková J. & Štěpánek J. (eds) (2004): Květena České republiky 7. – Academia, Praha.
Slavíková Z. (1988): Terminologický slovník. – In: Hejný S., Slavík B., Chrtek J., Tomšovic P. & Kovanda M. (eds), Květena České socialistické republiky 1, Academia, Praha, p. 130–153.
Štěpánková J., Chrtek J. jun. & Kaplan Z. (eds) (2010): Květena České republiky 8. – Academia, Praha.
Wu Z., Raven P. H. & Huang D. (eds) (1994): Flora of China. – Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.

Myrmecochorous plants, i.e. taxa dispersed by ants, are characterized by an elaiosome, a nutrient-rich fleshy appendage of seed or fruit. However, in many taxa, the morphological indication or direct evidence of myrmecochory is equivocal. Therefore, more categories than a simple binary distinction between myrmecochorous and non-myrmecochorous are recognized here:

• myrmecochorous – an elaiosome (obvious fleshy appendage of seed or fruit) is present
• probably myrmecochorous – a fleshy structure resembling an elaiosome is present, but the appendage:seed size ratio is very small so that the possible advantage of seed transport for the ants would be small
• probably non-myrmecochorous – seed or fruit bears a structure not similar to elaiosome, e.g. a non-fleshy appendage or rim
• non-myrmecochorous (a) – an elaiosome is not present although the taxon is reported as myrmecochorous in the literature or is a close relative of taxa considered as myrmecochorous
• non-myrmecochorous (b) – elaiosome not present and taxon not reported as myrmecochorous in the literature

Plants that are often carried by ants to the nest although having no elaiosome, either cheaters in this plant-ant mutualism or plant parts used as a building material for ant hills, are classified as non-myrmecochorous.

The data are based on the literature search and examination of seed samples of the taxa that are reported as myrmecochorous and their closely related congenerics. The list of these taxa with seed images is available athttp://botanika.prf.jcu.cz/myrmekochorie/. These taxa were selected from the families represented in the Czech flora that contain at least one taxon reported as myrmecochorous in the literature (Sernander 1906, Hejný et al. 1988 onwards, Fitter & Peat 1994, Klotz et al. 2002, Grime et al. 2007, Kleyer et al. 2008, Servigne 2008, Študent 2012). Such taxa were found in 36 families including Amaryllidaceae, Apiaceae, Apocynaceae, Aristolochiaceae, Asparagaceae, Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Celastraceae, Colchicaceae, Crassulaceae, Cyperaceae, Dipsacaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Iridaceae, Juncaceae, Lamiaceae, Liliaceae, Linaceae, Montiaceae, Orobanchaceae, Oxalidaceae, Papaveraceae, Plantaginaceae, Poaceae, Polygalaceae, Polygonaceae, Portulacaceae, Primulaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rosaceae, Resedaceae, Santalaceae, Urticaceae and Violaceae. All the taxa not belonging to these families were classified as non-myrmecochorous (b).

For each of the five categories, a subcategory nv (= non vidimus, i.e. not seen) is used in the taxa for which we found no information in the literature, no photograph of a seed, and failed to collect seeds from living plants, but the assignment to the category is likely based on the traits of closely related taxa. For example, Centaurea bruguiereana is classified as myrmecochorous nv, because all the taxa of Centaurea for which we have data possess an elaiosome, implying their classification as myrmecochorous.

Categories

• myrmecochorous
• myrmecochorous nv
• probably myrmecochorous
• probably myrmecochorous nv
• probably non-myrmecochorous
• probably non-myrmecochorous nv
• non-myrmecochorous (a)
• non-myrmecochorous (a) nv
• non-myrmecochorous (b)
• non-myrmecochorous (b) nv

Data source and citation

Konečná M., Štech M. & Lepš J. (2018): Myrmecochory. – www.pladias.cz.

Further references

Fitter A. H. & Peat H. J. (1994): The Ecological Flora Database. – J. Ecol. 82: 415–425.
Grime J. P., Hodgson J. G. & Hunt R. (eds) (2007): Comparative plant ecology: A functional approach to common British species. 2nd edition. – Castlepoint Press, Colvend, Dalbeattie.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Chrtek J., Tomšovic P. & Kovanda M. (eds) (1988): Květena České socialistické republiky 1. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Hrouda L. & Skalický V. (eds) (1990): Květena České republiky 2. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Kirschner J. & Křísa B. (eds) (1992): Květena České republiky 3. – Academia, Praha.
Kleyer M., Bekker R. M., Knevel I. C., Bakker J. P., Thompson K., Sonnenschein M., Poschlod P., Van Groenendael J. M., Klimeš L., Klimešová J., Klotz S., Rusch G. M., Hermy M., Adriaens D., Boedeltje G., Bossuyt B., Dannemann A., Endels P., Götzenberger L., Hodgson J. G., Jackel A.-K., Kühn I., Kunzmann D., Ozinga W. A., Römermann C., Stadler M., Schlegelmilch J., Steendam H. J., Tackenberg O., Wilmann B., Cornelissen J. H. C., Eriksson O., Garnier E. & Peco B. (2008): The LEDA Traitbase: a database of life-history traits of the Northwest European flora. – J. Ecol. 96: 1266–1274.
Klotz S., Kühn I. & Durka W. (eds) (2002): BIOLFLOR – Eine Datenbank zu biologisch-ökologischen Merkmalen der Gefäßpflanzen in Deutschland. – Schriftenr. Vegetationsk. 38: 1–334.
Konečná M., Moos M., Zahradníčková H., Šimek P. & Lepš J. (2018): Tasty rewards for ants: differences in elaiosome and seed metabolite profiles are consistent across species and reflect taxonomic relatedness. – Oecologia 188: 753–764.
Slavík B., Smejkal M., Dvořáková M. & Grulich V. (eds) (1995): Květena České republiky 4. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Tomšovic P. (eds) (1997): Květena České republiky 5. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Štěpánková J. (eds) (2000): Květena České republiky 6. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Štěpánková J. & Štěpánek J. (eds) (2004): Květena České republiky 7. – Academia, Praha.
Štěpánková J., Chrtek J. jun. & Kaplan Z. (eds) (2010): Květena České republiky 8. – Academia, Praha.
Sernander R. (1906): Entwurf einer Monographie der europäischen Myrmekochoren. – Kung. Svensk. Vetenskapsakad. Handling. 41: 1–410.
Servigne P. (2008): Etude expérimentale et comparative de la myrmécochorie: le cas des fourmis dispersatrices Lasius niger et Myrmica rubra. – Ph.D. thesis, Université libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles.
Študent V. (2012): Společné funkční vlastnosti myrmekochorních druhů rostlin České republiky a sezónní a denní dynamika odnosu diaspor všivce lesního (Pedicularis sylvatica) mravenci [Traits of myrmecochorous plants of the Czech Republic and a seasonal and daily seed’s removal dynamics of lousewort (Pedicularis sylvatica) by ants]. – Mgr. thesis, Jihočeská Univerzita, České Budějovice.

Plant parasitism is based on two mechanisms. The first group of parasitic plants involves those that parasitize directly on another plant. These plants are called haustorial parasites. Using their characteristic organ, the haustorium, they uptake resources from the host’s vascular bundles. The second group comprises mycoheterotrophic plants, which parasitize on fungi via mycorrhizal interaction and gain organic carbon from them.

Taxa of both groups display variable dependence on their host organism. Green hemiparasites (hemiparasites, retaining the photosynthetic ability, which, however, can obtain part of the organic carbon from its host) and non-green holoparasites (holoparasites unable, to photosynthesize) are distinct functional groups within the haustorial parasites. Location of the haustorial attachment to the host (root or stem) is another important functional trait. The distinction between hemiparasites and holoparasites may not be straightforward in haustorial parasites. Consequently, we classify as holoparasites those plants that are in adulthood mostly without chlorophyll, even though some of them might have some chlorophyll and may perform residual photosynthesis (e.g. Cuscuta).

In mycoheterotrophic plants, there is a continuum from initial mycoheterotrophs through partial mycoheterotrophs to full mycoheterotrophs. In the initial mycoheterotrophs only initial stages, i.e. gametophytes or seedlings, are dependent on the fungus, whereas adult plants are autotrophic, while still depending on mycorrhizal symbiosis as a source of water and mineral nutrients. In the partial mycoheterotrophs photosynthesizing adults obtain from their mycorrhizal fungi not only water and mineral nutrients but also organic carbon to a different level. The full mycoheterotrophs lost their chlorophyll and are thus fully parasitic. In some partial mycoheterotrophs (e.g. the genus Cephalanthera), chlorotic individuals (i.e. plants without chlorophyll) can be found, which fully depend on their hosts.

Classification of haustorial parasites follows Těšitel (2016), and identification of mycoheterotrophs follows Merckx (2012).

Categories

• autotrophic
• root hemiparasite
• stem hemiparasite
• root holoparasite
• stem holoparasite
• partial or initial mycoheterotroph
• full mycoheterotroph

Data source and citation

Těšitel J., Těšitelová T., Blažek P. & Lepš J. (2016): Parasitism and mycoheterotrophy. – www.pladias.cz.

Further references

Těšitel J. (2016): Functional biology of parasitic plants: a review. – Plant Ecology and Evolution 149: 5–20.
Merckx V. S. F. T. (2012): Mycoheterotrophy: The biology of plants living on fungi. – Springer, Berlin.

Carnivorous plants attract, trap and kill their prey, animals (typically insects and small crustaceans) and protozoans, and subsequently absorb the nutrients from their dead bodies. There is no energy flow from the prey toward the carnivorous plants.

Categories

• carnivorous
• non-carnivorous

Data source and citation

Hejný S., Slavík B., Chrtek J., Tomšovic P. & Kovanda M. (eds) (1988): Květena České socialistické republiky 1. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Hrouda L. & Skalický V. (eds) (1990): Květena České republiky 2. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Kirschner J. & Křísa B.(eds) (1992): Květena České republiky 3. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Štěpánková J. (eds) (2000): Květena České republiky 6. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Tomšovic P. (eds) (1997): Květena České republiky 5. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Smejkal M., Dvořáková M. & Grulich V. (eds) (1995): Květena České republiky 4. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Štěpánková J. & Štěpánek J. (eds) (2004): Květena České republiky 7. – Academia, Praha.
Štěpánková J., Chrtek J. jun. & Kaplan Z. (eds) (2010): Květena České republiky 8. – Academia, Praha.

Plants are classified into groups without symbiotic nitrogen fixers and those that form a symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. The latter are further divided into those forming symbiosis with rhizobia (e.g. genera Allorhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, Mesorhizobium, Rhizobium and Sinorhizobium) and those forming the symbiosis with the genus Frankia, the latter called actinorhizal plants (Bond 1983, Pawlowski & Sprent 2007, Sprent 2008, Benson 2016).

Categories

• symbiosis with rhizobia
• symbiosis with Frankia
• no nitrogen-fixing symbionts

Data source and citation

Blažek P. & Lepš J. (2016): Symbiotic nitrogen fixing. – www.pladias.cz.

Further references

Benson D. R. (2016): Frankia & Actinorhizal Plants. – http://web.uconn.edu/mcbstaff/benson/Frankia/FrankiaHome.htm (accessed on 28 Apr 2016)
Bond G. (1983): Taxonomy and distribution of non-legume nitrogen-fixing systems. – In: Gordon J. C. & Wheeler C. T. (eds), Biological nitrogen fixation in forests: foundations and applications, p. 55–87, Martinus Nijhoff/Dr W. Junk Publ., The Hague.
Pawlowski K. & Sprent J. I. (2007): Comparison between actinorhizal and legume symbioses. – In: Pawlowski K. & Newton W. E. (eds), Nitrogen-fixing actinorhizal symbioses, p. 261–288, Springer, Dordrecht.
Sprent J. I. (2008): Evolution and diversity of legume symbiosis. – In: Dilworth M. J., James E. K., Sprent J. I. & Newton W. E. (eds), Nitrogen-fixing leguminous symbioses, p. 1–21, Springer, Dordrecht.

Taxa are classified according to whether they are native or alien in the Czech Republic. The latter are divided based on their residence time (archaeophytes introduced to the area due to human activities before the end of the Medieval vs neophytes introduced after that date). Additionally, some frequently cultivated taxa that are not known to have escaped from cultivation are listed. Following the definitions used in invasion ecology, native taxa are those that have evolved in the area of the Czech Republic or immigrated there without human assistance from the area where they had evolved. Alien taxa are those whose presence is a result of intentional or unintentional introduction by human activity. Archaeophytes are alien taxa occurring in the wild that were introduced during the period between the beginning of the Neolithic agriculture and the year 1500, related to the discovery of America and the beginning of the intercontinental overseas trade. Neophytes are taxa occurring in the wild that were introduced after 1500 (see Richardson et al. 2000 for detailed definitions). Introduced plants that are only cultivated but do not escape to the wild are listed as a separated category.

The data included in the database were originally published in the Catalogue of alien plants of the Czech Republic, 2nd edition (Pyšek et al. 2012 and references related to individual taxa therein). The list was amended by taxa listed in the Checklist of vascular plants of the Czech Republic (Danihelka et al. 2012) and recent records.

Categories

• native
• archaeophyte
• neophyte
• cultivated only

Data source and citation

Danihelka J., Chrtek J. jun. & Kaplan Z. (2012): Checklist of vascular plants of the Czech Republic. – Preslia 84: 647–811.
Pyšek P., Danihelka J., Sádlo J., Chrtek J. jun., Chytrý M., Jarošík V., Kaplan Z., Krahulec F., Moravcová L., Pergl J., Štajerová K. & Tichý L. (2012): Catalogue of alien plants of the Czech Republic (2nd edition): checklist update, taxonomic diversity and invasion patterns. – Preslia 84: 155–255.

Further references

Richardson D. M., Pyšek P., Rejmánek M., Barbour M. G., Panetta F. D. & West C. J. (2000): Naturalization and invasion of alien plants: concepts and definitions. – Diversity and Distributions 6: 93–107.

Invasion status is a classification of alien taxa into three categories reflecting their position in the invasion process. Alien taxa that only reproduce occasionally in the wild in the Czech Republic, do not form self-replacing populations, and rely on repeated introductions for their persistence are termed casual. Naturalized taxa are alien plants that reproduce in the wild and sustain populations over many life cycles without direct intervention by humans (or in spite of human intervention). Invasive plants are naturalized plants that produce reproductive offspring, often in very large numbers, at considerable distances from parent plants and thus have the potential to spread over a considerable area (Richardson et al. 2000, 2011, Pyšek et al. 2008). This classification does not apply to native and extinct or eradicated plants, which are reported as separate categories.

The data are taken from the Catalogue of alien plants of the Czech Republic, 2nd edition (Pyšek et al. 2012 and references related to individual taxa therein).

Categories

• casual
• naturalized
• invasive
• native

Data source and citation

Pyšek P., Danihelka J., Sádlo J., Chrtek J. jun., Chytrý M., Jarošík V., Kaplan Z., Krahulec F., Moravcová L., Pergl J., Štajerová K. & Tichý L. (2012): Catalogue of alien plants of the Czech Republic (2nd edition): checklist update, taxonomic diversity and invasion patterns. – Preslia 84: 155–255.

Further references

Richardson D. M., Pyšek P. & Carlton J. T. (2011): A compendium of essential concepts and terminology in biological invasions. – In: Richardson D. M. (ed.), Fifty years of invasion ecology: the legacy of Charles Elton, p. 409–420, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.
Richardson D. M., Pyšek P., Rejmánek M., Barbour M. G., Panetta F. D. & West C. J. (2000): Naturalization and invasion of alien plants: concepts and definitions. – Diversity and Distributions 6: 93–107.

This information is given for alien taxa only. These taxa are classified according to their geographic origin (native range) at the level of continents; those with native range encompassing more than one continent are assigned to more categories. Origin in Europe refers to the parts of this continent other than the Czech Republic. The Mediterranean region was classified separately, covering respective parts of southern Europe, northern Africa and western Asia from Turkey and Israel to Afghanistan. Hybrids and species that originated through recent hybridization are listed as a special category. Anecophytes are taxa for which native range is unknown or highly uncertain.

The data are taken from the Catalogue of alien plants of the Czech Republic, 2nd edition (Pyšek et al. 2012 and references related to individual taxa therein).

Categories

• Europe
• Mediterranean
• North America
• Central America
• South America
• Asia
• Africa
• Australia
• hybrid origin
• anecophyte

Data source and citation

Pyšek P., Danihelka J., Sádlo J., Chrtek J. jun., Chytrý M., Jarošík V., Kaplan Z., Krahulec F., Moravcová L., Pergl J., Štajerová K. & Tichý L. (2012): Catalogue of alien plants of the Czech Republic (2nd edition): checklist update, taxonomic diversity and invasion patterns. – Preslia 84: 155–255.

The year of the first reported occurrence in the wild in the Czech Republic is given for neophytes. Data were extracted from the Catalogue of alien plants of the Czech Republic (Pyšek et al. 2012).

Data source and citation

Pyšek P., Danihelka J., Sádlo J., Chrtek J. jun., Chytrý M., Jarošík V., Kaplan Z., Krahulec F., Moravcová L., Pergl J., Štajerová K. & Tichý L. (2012): Catalogue of alien plants of the Czech Republic (2nd edition): checklist update, taxonomic diversity and invasion patterns. – Preslia 84: 155–255.

This information is available for alien taxa only. Taxa were classified according to the mode of introduction, distinguishing an accidental or deliberate pathway (Hulme et al. 2008). The deliberate introduction refers to the direct release into the wild for the landscaping purposes, as well as planting in horticulture, forestry and agriculture and subsequent escape from cultivation. The accidental introductions include import through contamination of a commodity, a stowaway on a transport vector or spread via an infrastructure corridor without which the spread would not be possible (Hulme et al. 2008). A taxon can be assigned to more than one introduction pathway.

The data included in the database were originally published in the Catalogue of alien plants of the Czech Republic, 2nd edition (Pyšek et al. 2012 and references related to individual taxa therein).

Categories

• deliberate introduction
• accidental introduction

Data source and citation

Pyšek P., Danihelka J., Sádlo J., Chrtek J. jun., Chytrý M., Jarošík V., Kaplan Z., Krahulec F., Moravcová L., Pergl J., Štajerová K. & Tichý L. (2012): Catalogue of alien plants of the Czech Republic (2nd edition): checklist update, taxonomic diversity and invasion patterns. – Preslia 84: 155–255.

Further references

Hulme P. E., Bacher S., Kenis M., Klotz S., Kühn I., Minchin D., Nentwig W., Olenin S., Panov V., Pergl J., Pyšek P., Roques A., Sol D., Solarz W. & Vila M. (2008): Grasping at the routes of biological invasions: a framework for integrating pathways into policy. – Journal of Applied Ecology 45: 403–414.

The categories follow the 2017 edition of the Red List of Vascular Plants of the Czech Republic (Grulich 2017). These categories, introduced in the previous editions of the national Red List, do not accurately match the IUCN Red List categories. The main category A includes extinct or missing taxa, while the main category C includes endangered, near threatened and data deficient taxa.

Categories

• A1 – extinct taxon
• A2 – missing taxon
• A3 – extinct or missing taxon (uncertain case)
• C1r – critically threatened taxon, rare
• C1t – critically threatened taxon, declining
• C1b – critically threatened taxon, rare and declining
• C2r – endangered taxon, rare
• C2t – endangered taxon, declining
• C2b – endangered taxon, rare and declining
• C3 – vulnerable taxon
• C4a – near threatened taxon
• C4b – data deficient taxon
• taxon is not on the Red List

Data source and citation

Grulich V. (2017): Červený seznam cévnatých rostlin ČR. – Příroda 35: 75–132.

International Red List categories defined by the IUCN following the 2017 edition of the Red List of Vascular Plants of the Czech Republic (Grulich 2017). Taxon assignments to these categories follow the internationally accepted rules (IUCN 2012, 2014). To some extent, they are different from the national Red List categories traditionally used in the Czech Republic.

Categories

• EX – extinct
• RE – regionally extinct
• CR – critically endangered
• EN – endangered
• VU – vulnerable
• NT – near threatened
• LC – least concern
• LC(NA) – least concern (taxon is not on the Red List)
• DD – data deficient
• NA – not applicable
• NE – not evaluated

Data source and citation

Grulich V. (2017): Červený seznam cévnatých rostlin ČR. – Příroda 35: 75–132.

Further references

IUCN (2012): Guidelines for application of IUCN Red List criteria at regional and national levels. Version 4.0. – IUCN, Gland.
IUCN (2014): Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List categories and criteria. Version 11. – IUCN, Gland.

Legal protection in the Czech Republic concerns the specially protected species, i.e. rare taxa, threatened taxa and taxa significant from a cultural or scientific point of view that are listed in Annex II of the Decree of the Ministry of the Environment no. 395/1992. They comprise 487 taxa of vascular plants divided into three categories according to their vulnerability: 246 critically threatened, 149 endangered and 92 vulnerable taxa.

Categories

• critically threatened taxon
• endangered taxon
• vulnerable taxon
• not protected by law

Data source and citation

Decree no. 395/1992 of the Ministry of the Environment of the Czech Republic.