Frangula alnus

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Habitus and growth type

  • Height [m]: 1–4
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  • Growth form: shrub
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  • Life form: nanophanerophyte
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  • Life strategy: C – competitor
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  • Life strategy (Pierce method based on leaf traits): CSR
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  • Life strategy (Pierce method, C-score): 26.8 %
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  • Life strategy (Pierce method, S-score): 41.4 %
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  • Life strategy (Pierce method, R-score): 31.9 %
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Leaf

  • Leaf presence and metamorphosis: leaves present, not modified
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  • Leaf arrangement (phyllotaxis): alternate
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  • Leaf shape: simple – entire
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  • Stipules: present
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  • Petiole: present
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  • Leaf life span: summer green
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  • Leaf deciduousness in woody plants: winter deciduous
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  • Leaf anatomy: mesomorphic
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  • Functional leaf type in woody plants: broad deciduous or semi-deciduous
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Flower

  • Flowering period [month]: May–June
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  • Flowering phase: 6 Cornus sanguinea-Melica uniflora (start of early summer)
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  • Flower colour: green-white
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  • Flower symmetry: actinomorphic
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  • Perianth type: calyx and corolla
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  • Perianth fusion: fused
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  • Shape of the sympetalous corolla or syntepalous perianth: funnel-shaped
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  • Calyx fusion: synsepalous
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  • Inflorescence type: fasciculus
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  • Dicliny: synoecious
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  • Generative reproduction type: allogamy self-incompatibility
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  • Pollination syndrome: insect-pollination
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Fruit, seed and dispersal

  • Fruit type: fleshy fruit – drupe
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  • Fruit colour: violet, red, black
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  • Reproduction type: only by seed/spores
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  • Dispersal unit (diaspore): seed, fruit, infrutescence or its part
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  • Dispersal strategy: Cornus (mainly autochory and endozoochory)
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  • Myrmecochory: non-myrmecochorous (b)
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Belowground organs and clonality

  • Root metamorphosis: root shoot
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  • Primary root: absent
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  • Position of root buds: lateral roots
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  • Role of root buds in life-history of a plant: additive
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  • Bud bank

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  • Number of buds per shoot at the soil surface (root buds excluded): 5
  • Number of buds per shoot at a depth of 0–10 cm (root buds excluded): 5
  • Number of buds per shoot at a depth greater than 10 cm (root buds excluded): 0
  • Size of the belowground bud bank (root buds excluded): 10
  • Depth of the belowground bud bank (root buds exluded) [cm]: 3
  • Number of buds per shoot at the soil surface (root buds included): 5
  • Number of buds per shoot at a depth of 0–10 cm (root buds included): 16
  • Number of buds per shoot at a depth greater than 10 cm (root buds included): 15
  • Size of the belowground bud bank (root buds included): 36
  • Depth of the belowground bud bank (root buds included) [cm]: 9

Trophic mode

  • Parasitism and mycoheterotrophy: autotrophic
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  • Carnivory: non-carnivorous
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  • Symbiotic nitrogen fixation: no nitrogen-fixing symbionts
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Karyology

  • Chromosome number (2n): 20 (22, 26)
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  • Ploidy level (x): 2
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  • 2C genome size [Mbp]: 572.88
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  • 1Cx monoploid genome size [Mbp]: 286.44
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  • Genomic GC content: 37.7 %
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Taxon origin

  • Origin in the Czech Republic: native
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Ecological indicator values

  • Ellenberg-type indicator values

  • Light indicator value: 6x – transition between values 5 and 7; rarely at less than 20% of diffuse radiation incident in an open area (generalist)
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  • Temperature indicator value: 6 – transition between values 5 and 7
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  • Moisture indicator value: 7 – humidity indicator, focus on well moistened, but not wet soils
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  • Reaction indicator value: 4 – transition between values 3 and 5
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  • Nutrient indicator value: 4x – transition between values 3 and 5 (generalist)
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  • Salinity indicator value: 0 – not salt tolerant, glycophyte
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  • Indicator values for disturbance

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  • Whole-community disturbance frequency indicator value: -1.89
  • Herb layer disturbance frequency indicator value: -0.87
  • Whole-community disturbance severity indicator value: 0.23
  • Herb layer disturbance severity indicator value: 0.08
  • Whole-community structure based disturbance indicator value: 0.1
  • Herb layer structure-based disturbance indicator value: 0.17

Habitat and sociology

  • Occurrence in habitats

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  • 1 Vegetation of cliffs, screes and walls

  • 1B Siliceous cliffs and block fields: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 4 Wetland and riverine herbaceous vegetation

  • 4A Reed-beds of eutrophic still waters: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 4F Mesotrophic vegetation of muddy substrata: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 4G Tall-sedge beds: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 5 Vegetation of springs and mires

  • 5D Calcareous fens: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 5E Acidic moss-rich fens and peatland meadows: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 5F Transitional mires: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 5G Raised bogs: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 5H Wet peat soils and bog hollows: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 7 Acidophilous grasslands

  • 7B Submontane Nardus grasslands: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 8 Dry grasslands

  • 8A Hercynian dry grasslands on rock outcrops: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 8B Submediterranean dry grasslands on rock outcrops: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 8F Thermophilous forest fringe vegetation: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 11 Heathlands and scrub

  • 11A Dry lowland to subalpine heathlands: 2 – optimum
  • 11I Willow carrs: 2 – optimum
  • 11J Willow galleries of loamy and sandy river banks: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 11L Tall mesic and xeric shrub: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 11N Low xeric scrub: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 11R Scrub and pioneer woodland of forests clearings: 3 – dominant
  • 12 Forests

  • 12A Alder carrs: 2 – optimum
  • 12B Alluvial forests: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 12C Oak-hornbeam forests: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 12D Ravine forests: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 12E Herb-rich beech forests: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 12F Limestone beech forests: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 12G Acidophilous beech forests: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 12H Peri-Alpidic basiphilous thermophilous oak forests: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 12I Sub-continental thermophilous oak forests: 2 – optimum
  • 12J Acidophilous thermophilous oak forests: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 12K Acidophilous oak forests: 2 – optimum
  • 12L Boreo-continental pine forests: 2 – optimum
  • 12O Peri-Alpidic pine forests: 2 – optimum
  • 12P Peatland pine forests: 2 – optimum
  • 12Q Peatland birch forests: 2 – optimum
  • 12R Acidophilous spruce forests: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 12V Spruce plantations: 2 – optimum
  • 12W Pine and larch plantations: 2 – optimum
  • 13 Anthropogenic vegetation

  • 13F Herbaceous vegetation of forests clearings and Rubus scrub: 1 – rare occurrence
  • Affinity to the forest environment

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  • Affinity to the forest environment in Thermophyticum: 2.1 – taxon occurring both in the forest and open vegetation
  • Affinity to the forest environment in Mesophyticum and Oreophyticum: 2.1 – taxon occurring both in the forest and open vegetation
  • Diagnostic taxon

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  • Constant taxon

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  • Dominant taxon

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  • Ecological specialization indices

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  • Ecological specialization index for all vegetation types: 3.9
  • Ecological specialization index for non-forest vegetation: 3.1
  • Ecological specialization index for forest vegetation: 4.1
  • Colonization ability

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  • Index of colonization success (ICS): 7
  • Index of colonization potential (ICP): 8
  • Optimum successional age [years]: 27

Distribution and frequency

  • Floristic zone: boreal, northern temperate, southern temperate, submeridional, meridional
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  • Floristic region: Europe, Western Asia
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  • Distribution range extension along the continentality gradient: 6
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  • Elevational belt in the Czech Republic: lowlands, colline belt, submontane belt, montane belt
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  • Expansive taxon in the region: Bohemian Moravian Mesophyticum, Carpathian Mesophyticum
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  • Occurrence frequency in the basic grid mapping cells and quadrants of the basic grid mapping cells: 636, 2084
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  • Commonness in vegetation plots from the Czech Republic

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  • Occurrence frequency in vegetation plots: 1.4 %
  • Occurrence frequency in vegetation plots with a cover above 5%: 19 %
  • Occurrence frequency in vegetation plots with a cover above 25%: 4.5 %
  • Occurrence frequency in vegetation plots with a cover above 50%: 0.7 %
  • Mean percentage cover in vegetation plots: 5.6 %
  • Maximum percentage cover in vegetation plots: 88 %
  • Number of habitats with taxon occurrence in the Czech Republic

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  • Number of narrow habitats in which the taxon occurs: 38
  • Number of narrow habitats in which the taxon has its optimum: 12
  • Number of broad habitats in which the taxon occurs: 8
  • Number of broad habitats in which the taxon has its optimum: 2

Threats and protection

  • Red List 2017 (national categories): taxon is not on the Red List
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  • Red List 2017 (IUCN categories): LC(NA) – least concern (taxon is not on the Red List)
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  • Legal protection: not protected by law
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