Lemna turionifera

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Habitus and growth type

  • Height [m]: 0.002–0.004
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  • Growth form: clonal herb
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  • Life form: hydrophyte
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Leaf

  • Leaf presence and metamorphosis: leaves absent
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  • Stipules: absent
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  • Leaf anatomy: hydromorphic
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Flower

  • Flowering period [month]: May–June
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  • Perianth type: flower achlamydeous
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  • Dicliny: monoecious
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  • Generative reproduction type: facultative allogamy
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  • Pollination syndrome: wind-pollination, water-pollination, insect-pollination, selfing
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Fruit, seed and dispersal

  • Fruit type: dry fruit – follicle
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  • Reproduction type: mostly vegetatively, rarely by seed/spores
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  • Dispersal unit (diaspore): seed, fruit, infrutescence or its part, turion, budding
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  • Dispersal strategy: Wolffia (mainly hydrochory)
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  • Myrmecochory: non-myrmecochorous (b)
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Belowground organs and clonality

  • Shoot metamorphosis: stolon, turion
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  • Storage organ: turion
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Trophic mode

  • Parasitism and mycoheterotrophy: autotrophic
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  • Carnivory: non-carnivorous
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  • Symbiotic nitrogen fixation: no nitrogen-fixing symbionts
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Karyology

  • Chromosome number (2n): 40 (42, 50, 80)
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  • Ploidy level (x): 4 (5, 8)
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  • 2C genome size [Mbp]: 874.28
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  • 1Cx monoploid genome size [Mbp]: 218.57
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  • Genomic GC content: 45.2 %
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Taxon origin

  • Origin in the Czech Republic: neophyte
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  • Invasion status: naturalized
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  • Geographic origin: North America
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  • Year of the first record in the wild: 1992
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  • Period of introduction: Recent Past (1950–2000)
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  • Introduction pathway: unintentional – nature
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Ecological indicator values

  • Ellenberg-type indicator values

  • Light indicator value: 7 – half-light plant, mostly occurring at full light, but also in the shade up to about 30% of diffuse radiation incident in an open area
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  • Temperature indicator value: 6 – transition between values 5 and 7
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  • Moisture indicator value: 11 – aquatic plant rooted under water, but at least temporarily with leaves above the surface, or a plant floating on the water surface
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  • Reaction indicator value: 7 – indicator of slightly acidic to slightly basic conditions, never occurring in very acidic conditions
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  • Nutrient indicator value: 7 – occurring at nutrient-rich sites more often than at average sites and only exceptionally at poor sites
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  • Salinity indicator value: 1 – salt tolerant, mostly on low-salt to salt-free soils, but occasionally on slightly salty soils
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Habitat and sociology

  • Occurrence in habitats

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  • 3 Aquatic vegetation

  • 3A Macrophytic vegetation of eutrophic and mesotrophic still waters: 1 – rare occurrence
  • Affinity to the forest environment

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  • Affinity to the forest environment in Thermophyticum: 0 – taxon that does not spontaneously occur in Czech forests
  • Affinity to the forest environment in Mesophyticum and Oreophyticum: 0 – taxon that does not spontaneously occur in Czech forests
  • Diagnostic taxon

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  • Diagnostic taxon of associations: VAA03 Lemnetum minori-turioniferae
  • Constant taxon

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  • Constant taxon of associations: VAA03 Lemnetum minori-turioniferae
  • Dominant taxon

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  • Dominant taxon of associations: VAA03 Lemnetum minori-turioniferae
  • Ecological specialization indices

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  • Ecological specialization index for all vegetation types: 5.7
  • Ecological specialization index for non-forest vegetation: 5.5

Distribution and frequency

  • Floristic zone: boreal, northern temperate, southern temperate, submeridional, meridional
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  • Floristic region: Europe, Asia, Americas
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  • Distribution range extension along the continentality gradient: 8
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  • Elevational belt in the Czech Republic: lowlands, colline belt, submontane belt
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  • Occurrence frequency in the basic grid mapping cells and quadrants of the basic grid mapping cells: 104, 128
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  • Commonness in vegetation plots from the Czech Republic

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  • Occurrence frequency in vegetation plots: 0 %
  • Occurrence frequency in vegetation plots with a cover above 5%: 85.7 %
  • Occurrence frequency in vegetation plots with a cover above 25%: 78.6 %
  • Occurrence frequency in vegetation plots with a cover above 50%: 50 %
  • Mean percentage cover in vegetation plots: 52.5 %
  • Maximum percentage cover in vegetation plots: 88 %
  • Number of habitats with taxon occurrence in the Czech Republic

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  • Number of narrow habitats in which the taxon occurs: 1
  • Number of narrow habitats in which the taxon has its optimum: 0
  • Number of broad habitats in which the taxon occurs: 1
  • Number of broad habitats in which the taxon has its optimum: 0

Threats and protection

  • Red List 2017 (national categories): taxon is not on the Red List
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  • Red List 2017 (IUCN categories): LC(NA) – least concern (taxon is not on the Red List)
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  • Legal protection: not protected by law
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