Pteridium aquilinum subsp. aquilinum

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Habitus and growth type

  • Height [m]: 0.5–2
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  • Growth form: clonal herb
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  • Life form: geophyte
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  • Life strategy: C – competitor
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  • Life strategy (Pierce method based on leaf traits): C
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  • Life strategy (Pierce method, C-score): 80.9 %
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  • Life strategy (Pierce method, S-score): 13.4 %
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  • Life strategy (Pierce method, R-score): 5.8 %
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Leaf

  • Leaf presence and metamorphosis: leaves present, not modified
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  • Leaf arrangement (phyllotaxis): alternate
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  • Leaf shape: compound – bipinnate, compound – tripinnate
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  • Stipules: absent
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  • Petiole: present
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  • Leaf life span: summer green
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  • Leaf anatomy: scleromorphic
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Flower

  • Flowering period [month]: July–September
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  • Dicliny: synoecious
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Fruit, seed and dispersal

  • Reproduction type: by seed/spores and vegetatively
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  • Dispersal unit (diaspore): spore
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  • Dispersal strategy: Lycopodium (mainly anemochory)
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  • Myrmecochory: non-myrmecochorous (b)
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Belowground organs and clonality

  • Shoot metamorphosis: rhizome
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  • Storage organ: rhizome
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  • Type of clonal growth organ: hypogeogenous rhizome
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  • Freely dispersible organs of clonal growth: absent
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  • Shoot life span (cyclicity): monocyclic shoots prevailing
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  • Branching type of stem-derived organs of clonal growth: dichotomous
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  • Primary root: absent
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  • Persistence of the clonal growth organ [year]: 4
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  • Number of clonal offspring: 1
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  • Lateral spreading distance by clonal growth [m]: 0.4
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  • Clonal index: 5
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  • Bud bank

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  • Number of buds per shoot at the soil surface (root buds excluded): 0
  • Number of buds per shoot at a depth of 0–10 cm (root buds excluded): 12
  • Number of buds per shoot at a depth greater than 10 cm (root buds excluded): 15
  • Size of the belowground bud bank (root buds excluded): 27
  • Depth of the belowground bud bank (root buds exluded) [cm]: 11
  • Number of buds per shoot at the soil surface (root buds included): 0
  • Number of buds per shoot at a depth of 0–10 cm (root buds included): 12
  • Number of buds per shoot at a depth greater than 10 cm (root buds included): 15
  • Size of the belowground bud bank (root buds included): 27
  • Depth of the belowground bud bank (root buds included) [cm]: 11

Trophic mode

  • Parasitism and mycoheterotrophy: autotrophic
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  • Carnivory: non-carnivorous
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  • Symbiotic nitrogen fixation: no nitrogen-fixing symbionts
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Karyology

  • Chromosome number (2n): 104
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  • Ploidy level (x): 4
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  • 2C genome size [Mbp]: 13397.43
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  • 1Cx monoploid genome size [Mbp]: 3349.36
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  • Genomic GC content: 45.7 %
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Taxon origin

  • Origin in the Czech Republic: native
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Ecological indicator values

  • Ellenberg-type indicator values

  • Light indicator value: 6 – transition between values 5 and 7; rarely at less than 20% of diffuse radiation incident in an open area
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  • Temperature indicator value: 5 – moderate heat indicator, occurring from lowland to montane belt, mainly in submontane-temperate areas
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  • Moisture indicator value: 5 – indicator of fresh soils, focus on soils of average moisture, missing on wet and on soils that frequently dry out
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  • Reaction indicator value: 3 – acidity indicator, occurring mainly in acidic conditions, exceptionally in neutral conditions
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  • Nutrient indicator value: 3 – occurring at nutrient-poor sites more frequently than at average sites and exceptionally at rich sites
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  • Salinity indicator value: 0 – not salt tolerant, glycophyte
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  • Indicator values for disturbance

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  • Whole-community disturbance frequency indicator value: -1.83
  • Herb layer disturbance frequency indicator value: -0.62
  • Whole-community disturbance severity indicator value: 0.38
  • Herb layer disturbance severity indicator value: 0.26
  • Whole-community structure based disturbance indicator value: 0.12
  • Herb layer structure-based disturbance indicator value: 0.13

Habitat and sociology

  • Occurrence in habitats

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  • 2 Alpine and subalpine grasslands

  • 2B Subalpine tall-forb and tall-grass vegetation: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 6 Meadows and mesic pastures

  • 6F Intermittently wet Molinia meadows: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 6G Vegetation of wet disturbed soils: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 7 Acidophilous grasslands

  • 7B Submontane Nardus grasslands: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 8 Dry grasslands

  • 8F Thermophilous forest fringe vegetation: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 9 Sand grasslands and rock-outcrop vegetation

  • 9B Open vegetation of acidic sands: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 9C Festuca grasslands on acidic sands: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 11 Heathlands and scrub

  • 11A Dry lowland to subalpine heathlands: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 12 Forests

  • 12A Alder carrs: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 12C Oak-hornbeam forests: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 12E Herb-rich beech forests: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 12G Acidophilous beech forests: 2 – optimum
  • 12I Sub-continental thermophilous oak forests: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 12K Acidophilous oak forests: 3 – dominant
  • 12L Boreo-continental pine forests: 2 – optimum
  • 12P Peatland pine forests: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 12Q Peatland birch forests: 2 – optimum
  • 12R Acidophilous spruce forests: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 12U Plantations of broad-leaved non-native trees: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 12V Spruce plantations: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 12W Pine and larch plantations: 2 – optimum
  • 13 Anthropogenic vegetation

  • 13E Perennial nitrophilous herbaceous vegetation of mesic sites: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 13F Herbaceous vegetation of forests clearings and Rubus scrub: 3 – dominant
  • Affinity to the forest environment

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  • Affinity to the forest environment in Thermophyticum: 1.2 – taxon occurring mainly along forest edges and in forest openings, including forest roads and paths, windthrow sites, burnt sites and forest clearings
  • Affinity to the forest environment in Mesophyticum and Oreophyticum: 1.2 – taxon occurring mainly along forest edges and in forest openings, including forest roads and paths, windthrow sites, burnt sites and forest clearings
  • Diagnostic taxon

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  • Constant taxon

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  • Constant taxon of associations: XEA06 Pteridietum aquilini
  • Dominant taxon

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  • Dominant taxon of associations: XEA06 Pteridietum aquilini
  • Ecological specialization indices

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  • Ecological specialization index for all vegetation types: 4.3
  • Ecological specialization index for non-forest vegetation: 3.7
  • Ecological specialization index for forest vegetation: 4.5
  • Colonization ability

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  • Index of colonization success (ICS): 6
  • Index of colonization potential (ICP): 9
  • Optimum successional age [years]: 9

Distribution and frequency

  • Floristic zone: boreal, northern temperate, southern temperate, submeridional, meridional, subtropical, tropical, austral or antarctic
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  • Floristic region: circumpolar
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  • Distribution range extension along the continentality gradient: 5
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  • Elevational belt in the Czech Republic: lowlands, colline belt, submontane belt, montane belt
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  • Expansive taxon in the region: Bohemian Moravian Mesophyticum, Bohemian Moravian Oreophyticum, Carpathian Mesophyticum, Carpathian Oreophyticum
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  • Occurrence frequency in the basic grid mapping cells and quadrants of the basic grid mapping cells: 524, 1280
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  • Commonness in vegetation plots from the Czech Republic

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  • Occurrence frequency in vegetation plots: 0.3 %
  • Occurrence frequency in vegetation plots with a cover above 5%: 50 %
  • Occurrence frequency in vegetation plots with a cover above 25%: 33.3 %
  • Occurrence frequency in vegetation plots with a cover above 50%: 23.3 %
  • Mean percentage cover in vegetation plots: 25.5 %
  • Maximum percentage cover in vegetation plots: 99 %
  • Number of habitats with taxon occurrence in the Czech Republic

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  • Number of narrow habitats in which the taxon occurs: 23
  • Number of narrow habitats in which the taxon has its optimum: 6
  • Number of broad habitats in which the taxon occurs: 8
  • Number of broad habitats in which the taxon has its optimum: 2

Threats and protection

  • Red List 2017 (national categories): taxon is not on the Red List
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  • Red List 2017 (IUCN categories): LC(NA) – least concern (taxon is not on the Red List)
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  • Legal protection: not protected by law
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