Ranunculus acris

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Habitus and growth type

  • Height [m]: 0.3–1.2
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  • Growth form: clonal herb
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  • Life form: hemicryptophyte
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  • Life strategy: C – competitor
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  • Life strategy (Pierce method based on leaf traits): R/CSR
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  • Life strategy (Pierce method, C-score): 26.9 %
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  • Life strategy (Pierce method, S-score): 21.8 %
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  • Life strategy (Pierce method, R-score): 51.3 %
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Leaf

  • Leaf presence and metamorphosis: leaves present, not modified
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  • Leaf arrangement (phyllotaxis): alternate, rosulate
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  • Leaf shape: simple – palmately divided
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  • Stipules: absent
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  • Petiole: present
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  • Leaf life span: summer green
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  • Leaf anatomy: mesomorphic
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Flower

  • Flowering period [month]: May–September
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  • Flowering phase: 5 Sorbus aucuparia-Galium odoratum (end of mid-spring)
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  • Flower colour: yellow
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  • Flower symmetry: actinomorphic
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  • Perianth type: calyx and corolla
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  • Perianth fusion: free
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  • Calyx fusion: aposepalous
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  • Inflorescence type: anthella
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  • Dicliny: synoecious, gynomonoecious
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  • Generative reproduction type: allogamy self-incompatibility
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  • Pollination syndrome: insect-pollination
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  • Pollinator spectrum: hoverflies, flies s. l., nitidulids (honeybee, bumblebees, solitary bees, other Hymenoptera, meat flies s. l., other Diptera, butterflies, beetles, thrips, other pollinators, unknown)
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Fruit, seed and dispersal

  • Fruit type: dry fruit – head of achenes
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  • Fruit colour: brown
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  • Reproduction type: only by seed/spores
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  • Dispersal unit (diaspore): fruit, infrutescence or its part
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  • Dispersal strategy: Allium (mainly autochory)
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  • Myrmecochory: non-myrmecochorous (b)
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Belowground organs and clonality

  • Shoot metamorphosis: rhizome
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  • Storage organ: rhizome
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  • Type of clonal growth organ: epigeogenous rhizome
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  • Freely dispersible organs of clonal growth: absent
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  • Shoot life span (cyclicity): dicyclic or polycyclic shoots prevailing
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  • Branching type of stem-derived organs of clonal growth: sympodial
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  • Primary root: absent
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  • Persistence of the clonal growth organ [year]: 2.8
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  • Number of clonal offspring: 2.1
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  • Lateral spreading distance by clonal growth [m]: 0.02
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  • Clonal index: 3
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  • Bud bank

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  • Number of buds per shoot at the soil surface (root buds excluded):
  • Number of buds per shoot at a depth of 0–10 cm (root buds excluded): 10
  • Number of buds per shoot at a depth greater than 10 cm (root buds excluded):
  • Size of the belowground bud bank (root buds excluded): 16
  • Depth of the belowground bud bank (root buds exluded) [cm]: 3
  • Number of buds per shoot at the soil surface (root buds included):
  • Number of buds per shoot at a depth of 0–10 cm (root buds included): 10
  • Number of buds per shoot at a depth greater than 10 cm (root buds included):
  • Size of the belowground bud bank (root buds included): 16
  • Depth of the belowground bud bank (root buds included) [cm]: 3

Trophic mode

  • Parasitism and mycoheterotrophy: autotrophic
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  • Carnivory: non-carnivorous
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  • Symbiotic nitrogen fixation: no nitrogen-fixing symbionts
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Karyology

  • Chromosome number (2n): 16 (32)
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  • Ploidy level (x): 2 (4)
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  • 2C genome size [Mbp]: 8092.43
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  • 1Cx monoploid genome size [Mbp]: 4046.21
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  • Genomic GC content: 43 %
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Taxon origin

  • Origin in the Czech Republic: native
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  • Geographic origin: Europe
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Ecological indicator values

  • Ellenberg-type indicator values

  • Light indicator value: 7 – half-light plant, mostly occurring at full light, but also in the shade up to about 30% of diffuse radiation incident in an open area
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  • Temperature indicator value: 5x – moderate heat indicator, occurring from lowland to montane belt, mainly in submontane-temperate areas (generalist)
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  • Moisture indicator value: 6 – transition between values 5 and 7
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  • Reaction indicator value: 6x – transition between values 5 and 7 (generalist)
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  • Nutrient indicator value: 5x – occurring at moderately nutrient-rich sites, and less frequently at poor and rich sites (generalist)
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  • Salinity indicator value: 0 – not salt tolerant, glycophyte
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  • Indicator values for disturbance

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  • Whole-community disturbance frequency indicator value: -0.35
  • Herb layer disturbance frequency indicator value: -0.25
  • Whole-community disturbance severity indicator value: 0.29
  • Herb layer disturbance severity indicator value: 0.32
  • Whole-community structure based disturbance indicator value: 0.61
  • Herb layer structure-based disturbance indicator value: 0.76

Habitat and sociology

  • Occurrence in habitats

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  • 2 Alpine and subalpine grasslands

  • 2A Alpine grasslands on siliceous bedrock: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 2B Subalpine tall-forb and tall-grass vegetation: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 4 Wetland and riverine herbaceous vegetation

  • 4A Reed-beds of eutrophic still waters: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 4B Halophilous reed and sedge beds: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 4D Riverine reed vegetation: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 4E Reed vegetation of brooks: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 4G Tall-sedge beds: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 4K Petasites fringes of montane brooks: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 4L Nitrophilous herbaceous fringes of lowland rivers: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 5 Vegetation of springs and mires

  • 5B Lowland to montane soft-water springs: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 5C Alpine and subalpine soft-water springs: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 5D Calcareous fens: 2 – optimum
  • 5E Acidic moss-rich fens and peatland meadows: 2 – optimum
  • 5F Transitional mires: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 5H Wet peat soils and bog hollows: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 6 Meadows and mesic pastures

  • 6A Mesic Arrhenatherum meadows: 2 – optimum
  • 6B Montane mesic meadows: 2 – optimum
  • 6C Pastures and park grasslands: 2 – optimum
  • 6D Alluvial meadows of lowland rivers: 2 – optimum
  • 6E Wet Cirsium meadows: 2 – optimum
  • 6F Intermittently wet Molinia meadows: 2 – optimum
  • 6G Vegetation of wet disturbed soils: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 7 Acidophilous grasslands

  • 7A Subalpine and montane acidophilous grasslands: 2 – optimum
  • 7B Submontane Nardus grasslands: 2 – optimum
  • 8 Dry grasslands

  • 8D Broad-leaved dry grasslands: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 8E Acidophilous dry grasslands: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 8F Thermophilous forest fringe vegetation: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 9 Sand grasslands and rock-outcrop vegetation

  • 9C Festuca grasslands on acidic sands: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 9E Acidophilous vegetation of spring therophytes and succulents: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 10 Saline vegetation

  • 10I Inland saline meadows: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 11 Heathlands and scrub

  • 11A Dry lowland to subalpine heathlands: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 11D Subalpine acidophilous Pinus mugo scrub: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 11H Subalpine deciduous scrub: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 11I Willow carrs: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 11J Willow galleries of loamy and sandy river banks: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 11L Tall mesic and xeric shrub: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 11N Low xeric scrub: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 11R Scrub and pioneer woodland of forests clearings: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 12 Forests

  • 12A Alder carrs: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 12B Alluvial forests: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 12U Plantations of broad-leaved non-native trees: 2 – optimum
  • 13 Anthropogenic vegetation

  • 13C Annual vegetation of trampled habitats: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 13D Perennial thermophilous ruderal vegetation: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 13E Perennial nitrophilous herbaceous vegetation of mesic sites: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 13F Herbaceous vegetation of forests clearings and Rubus scrub: 1 – rare occurrence
  • Affinity to the forest environment

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  • Affinity to the forest environment in Thermophyticum: 0 – taxon that does not spontaneously occur in Czech forests
  • Affinity to the forest environment in Mesophyticum and Oreophyticum: 0 – taxon that does not spontaneously occur in Czech forests
  • Diagnostic taxon

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  • Diagnostic taxon of classes: TD Molinio-Arrhenatheretea
  • Diagnostic taxon of alliances: TDD Molinion caeruleae
  • Constant taxon

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  • Constant taxon of classes: TD Molinio-Arrhenatheretea
  • Constant taxon of associations: ADA03 Violo sudeticae-Deschampsietum cespitosae, ADD03 Trollio altissimi-Geranietum sylvatici, KAB02 Salicetum purpureae, RBA01 Valeriano dioicae-Caricetum davallianae, RBA02 Carici flavae-Cratoneuretum filicini, RBA03 Valeriano simplicifoliae-Caricetum flavae, RBB01 Sphagno warnstorfii-Eriophoretum latifolii, TDA01 Pastinaco sativae-Arrhenatheretum elatioris, TDA02 Ranunculo bulbosi-Arrhenatheretum elatioris, TDA03 Poo-Trisetetum flavescentis, TDA04 Potentillo albae-Festucetum rubrae, TDB01 Geranio sylvatici-Trisetetum flavescentis, TDB02 Melandrio rubri-Phleetum alpini, TDB03 Meo athamantici-Festucetum rubrae, TDC01 Lolio perennis-Cynosuretum cristati, TDC05 Alchemillo hybridae-Poëtum supinae, TDD01 Molinietum caeruleae, TDD02 Junco effusi-Molinietum caeruleae, TDE01 Poo trivialis-Alopecuretum pratensis, TDE02 Holcetum lanati, TDE04 Cnidio dubii-Deschampsietum cespitosae, TDE05 Scutellario hastifoliae-Veronicetum longifoliae, TDF01 Angelico sylvestris-Cirsietum oleracei, TDF02 Cirsietum rivularis, TDF03 Angelico sylvestris-Cirsietum palustris, TDF04 Crepido paludosae-Juncetum acutiflori, TDF05 Polygono bistortae-Cirsietum heterophylli, TDF06 Chaerophyllo hirsuti-Calthetum palustris, TDF07 Scirpo sylvatici-Cirsietum cani, TDF08 Scirpetum sylvatici, TDF09 Caricetum cespitosae, TDF10 Scirpo sylvatici-Caricetum brizoidis, TEB01 Sileno vulgaris-Nardetum strictae, TEC01 Festuco capillatae-Nardetum strictae, TEC02 Campanulo rotundifoliae-Dianthetum deltoidis
  • Dominant taxon

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  • Dominant taxon of associations: TDF03 Angelico sylvestris-Cirsietum palustris
  • Ecological specialization indices

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  • Ecological specialization index for all vegetation types: 5.4
  • Ecological specialization index for non-forest vegetation: 5.4
  • Ecological specialization index for forest vegetation: 4.3
  • Colonization ability

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  • Index of colonization success (ICS): 6
  • Index of colonization potential (ICP): 1
  • Optimum successional age [years]: 33

Distribution and frequency

  • Floristic zone: arctic, boreal, northern temperate, southern temperate, submeridional, meridional
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  • Floristic region: Europe, Western Siberia
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  • Distribution range extension along the continentality gradient: 7
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  • Elevational belt in the Czech Republic: lowlands, colline belt, submontane belt, montane belt, subalpine belt
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  • Occurrence frequency in the basic grid mapping cells and quadrants of the basic grid mapping cells: 660, 2321
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  • Commonness in vegetation plots from the Czech Republic

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  • Occurrence frequency in vegetation plots: 9.4 %
  • Occurrence frequency in vegetation plots with a cover above 5%: 11.7 %
  • Occurrence frequency in vegetation plots with a cover above 25%: 1.4 %
  • Occurrence frequency in vegetation plots with a cover above 50%: 0 %
  • Mean percentage cover in vegetation plots: 3.9 %
  • Maximum percentage cover in vegetation plots: 63 %
  • Number of habitats with taxon occurrence in the Czech Republic

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  • Number of narrow habitats in which the taxon occurs: 45
  • Number of narrow habitats in which the taxon has its optimum: 11
  • Number of broad habitats in which the taxon occurs: 11
  • Number of broad habitats in which the taxon has its optimum: 4

Threats and protection

  • Red List 2017 (national categories): taxon is not on the Red List
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  • Red List 2017 (IUCN categories): LC(NA) – least concern (taxon is not on the Red List)
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  • Legal protection: not protected by law
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