Salix caprea

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Habitus and growth type

  • Height [m]: 3–12
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  • Growth form: shrub (tree)
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  • Life form: nanophanerophyte (macrophanerophyte)
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  • Life strategy: C – competitor
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  • Life strategy (Pierce method based on leaf traits): CS/CSR
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  • Life strategy (Pierce method, C-score): 40.7 %
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  • Life strategy (Pierce method, S-score): 40.5 %
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  • Life strategy (Pierce method, R-score): 18.8 %
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Leaf

  • Leaf presence and metamorphosis: leaves present, not modified
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  • Leaf arrangement (phyllotaxis): alternate
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  • Leaf shape: simple – entire
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  • Stipules: present
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  • Petiole: present
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  • Leaf life span: summer green
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  • Leaf deciduousness in woody plants: winter deciduous
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  • Leaf anatomy: mesomorphic
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  • Functional leaf type in woody plants: broad deciduous or semi-deciduous
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Flower

  • Flowering period [month]: March–April
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  • Flowering phase: 1 Corylus avellana-Leucojum vernum (pre-spring)
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  • Flower colour: white
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  • Perianth type: flower achlamydeous
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  • Inflorescence type: amentum e floribus masculis, amentum e floribus femineis
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  • Dicliny: dioecious
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  • Generative reproduction type: allogamy
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  • Pollination syndrome: insect-pollination
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  • Pollinator spectrum: bumblebees, flies s. l., other Diptera (honeybee, solitary bees, other Hymenoptera, hoverflies, meat flies s. l., butterflies)
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Fruit, seed and dispersal

  • Fruit type: dry fruit – capsule
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  • Fruit colour: brown
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  • Reproduction type: only by seed/spores
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  • Dispersal unit (diaspore): seed
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  • Dispersal strategy: Epilobium (mainly anemochory and autochory)
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  • Myrmecochory: non-myrmecochorous (b)
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Belowground organs and clonality

  • Bud bank

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  • Number of buds per shoot at the soil surface (root buds excluded): 0
  • Number of buds per shoot at a depth of 0–10 cm (root buds excluded): 5
  • Number of buds per shoot at a depth greater than 10 cm (root buds excluded): 5
  • Size of the belowground bud bank (root buds excluded): 10
  • Depth of the belowground bud bank (root buds exluded) [cm]: 10
  • Number of buds per shoot at the soil surface (root buds included): 0
  • Number of buds per shoot at a depth of 0–10 cm (root buds included): 5
  • Number of buds per shoot at a depth greater than 10 cm (root buds included): 5
  • Size of the belowground bud bank (root buds included): 10
  • Depth of the belowground bud bank (root buds included) [cm]: 10

Trophic mode

  • Parasitism and mycoheterotrophy: autotrophic
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  • Carnivory: non-carnivorous
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  • Symbiotic nitrogen fixation: no nitrogen-fixing symbionts
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Karyology

  • Chromosome number (2n): 38
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  • Ploidy level (x): 2
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  • 2C genome size [Mbp]: 779.76
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  • 1Cx monoploid genome size [Mbp]: 389.88
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  • Genomic GC content: 37.1 %
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Taxon origin

  • Origin in the Czech Republic: native
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Ecological indicator values

  • Ellenberg-type indicator values

  • Light indicator value: 7x – half-light plant, mostly occurring at full light, but also in the shade up to about 30% of diffuse radiation incident in an open area (generalist)
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  • Temperature indicator value: 5 – moderate heat indicator, occurring from lowland to montane belt, mainly in submontane-temperate areas
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  • Moisture indicator value: 6 – transition between values 5 and 7
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  • Reaction indicator value: 6 – transition between values 5 and 7
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  • Nutrient indicator value: 6 – transition between values 5 and 7
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  • Salinity indicator value: 0 – not salt tolerant, glycophyte
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  • Indicator values for disturbance

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  • Whole-community disturbance frequency indicator value: -1.5
  • Herb layer disturbance frequency indicator value: -0.98
  • Whole-community disturbance severity indicator value: 0.33
  • Herb layer disturbance severity indicator value: 0.27
  • Whole-community structure based disturbance indicator value: 0.17
  • Herb layer structure-based disturbance indicator value: 0.25

Habitat and sociology

  • Occurrence in habitats

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  • 1 Vegetation of cliffs, screes and walls

  • 1C Walls: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 2 Alpine and subalpine grasslands

  • 2B Subalpine tall-forb and tall-grass vegetation: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 4 Wetland and riverine herbaceous vegetation

  • 4K Petasites fringes of montane brooks: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 8 Dry grasslands

  • 8A Hercynian dry grasslands on rock outcrops: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 8B Submediterranean dry grasslands on rock outcrops: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 8F Thermophilous forest fringe vegetation: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 9 Sand grasslands and rock-outcrop vegetation

  • 9B Open vegetation of acidic sands: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 11 Heathlands and scrub

  • 11A Dry lowland to subalpine heathlands: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 11H Subalpine deciduous scrub: 2 – optimum
  • 11I Willow carrs: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 11J Willow galleries of loamy and sandy river banks: 2 – optimum
  • 11L Tall mesic and xeric shrub: 2 – optimum
  • 11R Scrub and pioneer woodland of forests clearings: 3 – dominant
  • 12 Forests

  • 12B Alluvial forests: 2 – optimum
  • 12C Oak-hornbeam forests: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 12D Ravine forests: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 12E Herb-rich beech forests: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 12G Acidophilous beech forests: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 12K Acidophilous oak forests: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 12L Boreo-continental pine forests: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 12O Peri-Alpidic pine forests: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 12R Acidophilous spruce forests: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 12S Basiphilous spruce forests: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 12V Spruce plantations: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 12W Pine and larch plantations: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 13 Anthropogenic vegetation

  • 13E Perennial nitrophilous herbaceous vegetation of mesic sites: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 13F Herbaceous vegetation of forests clearings and Rubus scrub: 2 – optimum
  • Affinity to the forest environment

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  • Affinity to the forest environment in Thermophyticum: 2.2 – taxon occurring partly in the forest, but mainly in open vegetation
  • Affinity to the forest environment in Mesophyticum and Oreophyticum: 2.2 – taxon occurring partly in the forest, but mainly in open vegetation
  • Diagnostic taxon

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  • Constant taxon

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  • Dominant taxon

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  • Dominant taxon of associations: KBC05 Salicetum capreae
  • Ecological specialization indices

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  • Ecological specialization index for all vegetation types: 3.9
  • Ecological specialization index for non-forest vegetation: 3.3
  • Ecological specialization index for forest vegetation: 4.3
  • Colonization ability

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  • Index of colonization success (ICS): 9
  • Index of colonization potential (ICP): 9
  • Optimum successional age [years]: 15

Distribution and frequency

  • Floristic zone: boreal, northern temperate, southern temperate, submeridional
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  • Floristic region: Europe, Asia
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  • Distribution range extension along the continentality gradient: 6
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  • Elevational belt in the Czech Republic: lowlands, colline belt, submontane belt, montane belt
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  • Expansive taxon in the region: Bohemian Thermophyticum, Bohemian Moravian Mesophyticum, Bohemian Moravian Oreophyticum, Pannonian Thermophyticum, Carpathian Mesophyticum, Carpathian Oreophyticum
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  • Occurrence frequency in the basic grid mapping cells and quadrants of the basic grid mapping cells: 663, 2265
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  • Commonness in vegetation plots from the Czech Republic

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  • Occurrence frequency in vegetation plots: 0.4 %
  • Occurrence frequency in vegetation plots with a cover above 5%: 34.7 %
  • Occurrence frequency in vegetation plots with a cover above 25%: 21.5 %
  • Occurrence frequency in vegetation plots with a cover above 50%: 6.6 %
  • Mean percentage cover in vegetation plots: 13.5 %
  • Maximum percentage cover in vegetation plots: 88 %
  • Number of habitats with taxon occurrence in the Czech Republic

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  • Number of narrow habitats in which the taxon occurs: 27
  • Number of narrow habitats in which the taxon has its optimum: 6
  • Number of broad habitats in which the taxon occurs: 8
  • Number of broad habitats in which the taxon has its optimum: 3

Threats and protection

  • Red List 2017 (national categories): taxon is not on the Red List
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  • Red List 2017 (IUCN categories): LC(NA) – least concern (taxon is not on the Red List)
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  • Legal protection: not protected by law
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