Sisymbrium loeselii

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Habitus and growth type

  • Height [m]: 0.3–1.2
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  • Growth form: polycarpic perennial non-clonal herb
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  • Life form: therophyte
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  • Life strategy: CR – competitor/ruderal
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  • Life strategy (Pierce method based on leaf traits): C/CSR
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  • Life strategy (Pierce method, C-score): 62.3 %
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  • Life strategy (Pierce method, S-score): 16.1 %
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  • Life strategy (Pierce method, R-score): 21.6 %
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Leaf

  • Leaf presence and metamorphosis: leaves present, not modified
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  • Leaf arrangement (phyllotaxis): alternate
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  • Leaf shape: simple – pinnately divided
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  • Stipules: absent
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  • Petiole: present
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  • Leaf life span: overwintering green
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  • Leaf anatomy: scleromorphic, mesomorphic
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Flower

  • Flowering period [month]: May–September
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  • Flowering phase: 6 Cornus sanguinea-Melica uniflora (start of early summer)
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  • Flower colour: yellow
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  • Flower symmetry: actinomorphic
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  • Perianth type: calyx and corolla
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  • Perianth fusion: free
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  • Calyx fusion: aposepalous
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  • Inflorescence type: panicula
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  • Dicliny: synoecious
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  • Generative reproduction type: mixed mating
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  • Pollination syndrome: insect-pollination, selfing
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Fruit, seed and dispersal

  • Fruit type: dry fruit – siliqua
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  • Fruit colour: brown
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  • Reproduction type: only by seed/spores
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  • Dispersal unit (diaspore): seed
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  • Dispersal strategy: Allium (mainly autochory)
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  • Myrmecochory: non-myrmecochorous (b)
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Belowground organs and clonality

  • Shoot life span (cyclicity): monocyclic shoots prevailing
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  • Branching type of stem-derived organs of clonal growth: sympodial
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  • Primary root: present
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  • Bud bank

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  • Number of buds per shoot at the soil surface (root buds excluded): 5
  • Number of buds per shoot at a depth of 0–10 cm (root buds excluded): 0
  • Number of buds per shoot at a depth greater than 10 cm (root buds excluded): 0
  • Size of the belowground bud bank (root buds excluded): 5
  • Depth of the belowground bud bank (root buds exluded) [cm]: 1
  • Number of buds per shoot at the soil surface (root buds included): 5
  • Number of buds per shoot at a depth of 0–10 cm (root buds included): 0
  • Number of buds per shoot at a depth greater than 10 cm (root buds included): 0
  • Size of the belowground bud bank (root buds included): 5
  • Depth of the belowground bud bank (root buds included) [cm]: 1

Trophic mode

  • Parasitism and mycoheterotrophy: autotrophic
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  • Carnivory: non-carnivorous
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  • Symbiotic nitrogen fixation: no nitrogen-fixing symbionts
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Karyology

  • Chromosome number (2n): 14
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  • Ploidy level (x): 2
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  • 2C genome size [Mbp]: 485.75
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  • 1Cx monoploid genome size [Mbp]: 242.88
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  • Genomic GC content: 40.8 %
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Taxon origin

  • Origin in the Czech Republic: archaeophyte/neophyte
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  • Invasion status: invasive
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  • Geographic origin: Europe, Mediterranean, Asia
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  • Year of the first record in the wild: 1819
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  • Period of introduction: Late Middle Ages and Early Modern Period (merged category, 1200–1800)
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  • Introduction pathway: unintentional – anthropogenic
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Ecological indicator values

  • Ellenberg-type indicator values

  • Light indicator value: 7 – half-light plant, mostly occurring at full light, but also in the shade up to about 30% of diffuse radiation incident in an open area
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  • Temperature indicator value: 6 – transition between values 5 and 7
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  • Moisture indicator value: 4 – transition between values 3 and 5
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  • Reaction indicator value: 7 – indicator of slightly acidic to slightly basic conditions, never occurring in very acidic conditions
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  • Nutrient indicator value: 7 – occurring at nutrient-rich sites more often than at average sites and only exceptionally at poor sites
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  • Salinity indicator value: 0 – not salt tolerant, glycophyte
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  • Indicator values for disturbance

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  • Whole-community disturbance frequency indicator value: -0.29
  • Herb layer disturbance frequency indicator value: -0.17
  • Whole-community disturbance severity indicator value: 0.84
  • Herb layer disturbance severity indicator value: 0.84
  • Whole-community structure based disturbance indicator value: 0.51
  • Herb layer structure-based disturbance indicator value: 0.58

Habitat and sociology

  • Occurrence in habitats

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  • 1 Vegetation of cliffs, screes and walls

  • 1C Walls: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 4 Wetland and riverine herbaceous vegetation

  • 4D Riverine reed vegetation: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 4I Vegetation of nitrophilous annual hygrophilous herbs: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 4L Nitrophilous herbaceous fringes of lowland rivers: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 6 Meadows and mesic pastures

  • 6G Vegetation of wet disturbed soils: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 11 Heathlands and scrub

  • 11L Tall mesic and xeric shrub: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 11R Scrub and pioneer woodland of forests clearings: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 12 Forests

  • 12D Ravine forests: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 12H Peri-Alpidic basiphilous thermophilous oak forests: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 12J Acidophilous thermophilous oak forests: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 12T Robinia pseudacacia plantations: 2 – optimum
  • 12U Plantations of broad-leaved non-native trees: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 13 Anthropogenic vegetation

  • 13A Annual vegetation of ruderal habitats: 3 – dominant
  • 13C Annual vegetation of trampled habitats: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 13D Perennial thermophilous ruderal vegetation: 2 – optimum
  • 13E Perennial nitrophilous herbaceous vegetation of mesic sites: 1 – rare occurrence
  • Affinity to the forest environment

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  • Affinity to the forest environment in Thermophyticum: 0 – taxon that does not spontaneously occur in Czech forests
  • Affinity to the forest environment in Mesophyticum and Oreophyticum: 0 – taxon that does not spontaneously occur in Czech forests
  • Diagnostic taxon

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  • Constant taxon

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  • Constant taxon of associations: XBG07 Sisymbrietum loeselii, XBG12 Ivaetum xanthiifoliae
  • Dominant taxon

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  • Dominant taxon of associations: XBG07 Sisymbrietum loeselii
  • Ecological specialization indices

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  • Ecological specialization index for all vegetation types: 4.9
  • Ecological specialization index for non-forest vegetation: 4.9
  • Colonization ability

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  • Index of colonization success (ICS): 6
  • Index of colonization potential (ICP): 8
  • Optimum successional age [years]: 6

Distribution and frequency

  • Floristic zone: northern temperate, southern temperate, submeridional, meridional
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  • Floristic region: Europe, Western Asia
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  • Continentality degree: 7
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  • Distribution range extension along the continentality gradient: 7
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  • Elevational belt in the Czech Republic: lowlands, colline belt, submontane belt
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  • Occurrence frequency in the basic grid mapping cells and quadrants of the basic grid mapping cells: 266, 478
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  • Commonness in vegetation plots from the Czech Republic

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  • Occurrence frequency in vegetation plots: 0.6 %
  • Occurrence frequency in vegetation plots with a cover above 5%: 16.9 %
  • Occurrence frequency in vegetation plots with a cover above 25%: 10.6 %
  • Occurrence frequency in vegetation plots with a cover above 50%: 7.9 %
  • Mean percentage cover in vegetation plots: 9.8 %
  • Maximum percentage cover in vegetation plots: 88 %
  • Number of habitats with taxon occurrence in the Czech Republic

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  • Number of narrow habitats in which the taxon occurs: 16
  • Number of narrow habitats in which the taxon has its optimum: 3
  • Number of broad habitats in which the taxon occurs: 6
  • Number of broad habitats in which the taxon has its optimum: 2

Threats and protection

  • Red List 2017 (national categories): taxon is not on the Red List
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  • Red List 2017 (IUCN categories): LC(NA) – least concern (taxon is not on the Red List)
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  • Legal protection: not protected by law
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