Galium aparine agg.

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Habitus and growth type

  • Height [m]: 0.15–1.8
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  • Growth form: annual herb
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  • Life form: therophyte
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  • Life strategy: CR – competitor/ruderal
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Leaf

  • Leaf presence and metamorphosis: leaves present, not modified
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  • Leaf arrangement (phyllotaxis): verticillate
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  • Leaf shape: simple – entire
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  • Stipules: present
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  • Petiole: absent
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  • Leaf life span: overwintering green
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  • Leaf anatomy: mesomorphic, hygromorphic
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Flower

  • Flowering period [month]: May–October
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  • Flowering phase: 6 Cornus sanguinea-Melica uniflora (start of early summer)
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  • Flower colour: white, yellow-green
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  • Flower symmetry: actinomorphic
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  • Perianth type: calyx absent, corolla present
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  • Perianth fusion: fused
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  • Shape of the sympetalous corolla or syntepalous perianth: rotate
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  • Inflorescence type: dichasium
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  • Dicliny: synoecious
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  • Generative reproduction type: autogamy, facultative autogamy
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  • Pollination syndrome: insect-pollination, selfing
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Fruit, seed and dispersal

  • Fruit type: dry fruit – pair of nutlets
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  • Fruit colour: brown
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  • Reproduction type: only by seed/spores
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  • Dispersal unit (diaspore): fruit, infrutescence or its part
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  • Dispersal strategy: Allium (mainly autochory), Bidens (mainly autochory and epizoochory)
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  • Myrmecochory: non-myrmecochorous (b)
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Belowground organs and clonality

  • Shoot life span (cyclicity): monocyclic shoots prevailing
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  • Primary root: present
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  • Bud bank

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  • Number of buds per shoot at the soil surface (root buds excluded): 3
  • Number of buds per shoot at a depth of 0–10 cm (root buds excluded): 0
  • Number of buds per shoot at a depth greater than 10 cm (root buds excluded): 0
  • Size of the belowground bud bank (root buds excluded): 3
  • Depth of the belowground bud bank (root buds exluded) [cm]: 1
  • Number of buds per shoot at the soil surface (root buds included): 3
  • Number of buds per shoot at a depth of 0–10 cm (root buds included): 0
  • Number of buds per shoot at a depth greater than 10 cm (root buds included): 0
  • Size of the belowground bud bank (root buds included): 3
  • Depth of the belowground bud bank (root buds included) [cm]: 1

Trophic mode

  • Parasitism and mycoheterotrophy: autotrophic
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  • Carnivory: non-carnivorous
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  • Symbiotic nitrogen fixation: no nitrogen-fixing symbionts
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Karyology

  • Chromosome number (2n): 20, 66
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  • Ploidy level (x): 2, 6
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  • 2C genome size [Mbp]: 1220.52
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  • 1Cx monoploid genome size [Mbp]: 315.22
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Taxon origin

  • Origin in the Czech Republic: native
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  • Geographic origin: Europe, Mediterranean
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Ecological indicator values

  • Ellenberg-type indicator values

  • Light indicator value: 6x – transition between values 5 and 7; rarely at less than 20% of diffuse radiation incident in an open area (generalist)
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  • Temperature indicator value: 6 – transition between values 5 and 7
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  • Moisture indicator value: 5x – indicator of fresh soils, focus on soils of average moisture, missing on wet and on soils that frequently dry out (generalist)
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  • Reaction indicator value: 6 – transition between values 5 and 7
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  • Nutrient indicator value: 8 – pronounced nutrient indicator
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  • Salinity indicator value: 1 – salt tolerant, mostly on low-salt to salt-free soils, but occasionally on slightly salty soils
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Habitat and sociology

  • Occurrence in habitats

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  • 1 Vegetation of cliffs, screes and walls

  • 1A Calcareous cliffs: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 1B Siliceous cliffs and block fields: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 1C Walls: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 1D Mobile calcareous screes: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 4 Wetland and riverine herbaceous vegetation

  • 4A Reed-beds of eutrophic still waters: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 4B Halophilous reed and sedge beds: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 4D Riverine reed vegetation: 2 – optimum
  • 4E Reed vegetation of brooks: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 4G Tall-sedge beds: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 4I Vegetation of nitrophilous annual hygrophilous herbs: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 4J River gravel banks: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 4K Petasites fringes of montane brooks: 2 – optimum
  • 4L Nitrophilous herbaceous fringes of lowland rivers: 3 – dominant
  • 5 Vegetation of springs and mires

  • 5A Hard-water springs with tufa formation: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 5B Lowland to montane soft-water springs: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 5D Calcareous fens: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 5E Acidic moss-rich fens and peatland meadows: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 6 Meadows and mesic pastures

  • 6A Mesic Arrhenatherum meadows: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 6C Pastures and park grasslands: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 6D Alluvial meadows of lowland rivers: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 6E Wet Cirsium meadows: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 6F Intermittently wet Molinia meadows: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 6G Vegetation of wet disturbed soils: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 7 Acidophilous grasslands

  • 7B Submontane Nardus grasslands: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 8 Dry grasslands

  • 8A Hercynian dry grasslands on rock outcrops: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 8B Submediterranean dry grasslands on rock outcrops: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 8C Narrow-leaved sub-continental steppes: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 8F Thermophilous forest fringe vegetation: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 9 Sand grasslands and rock-outcrop vegetation

  • 9B Open vegetation of acidic sands: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 9E Acidophilous vegetation of spring therophytes and succulents: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 9F Basiphilous vegetation of spring therophytes and succulents: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 10 Saline vegetation

  • 10I Inland saline meadows: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 11 Heathlands and scrub

  • 11I Willow carrs: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 11J Willow galleries of loamy and sandy river banks: 2 – optimum
  • 11L Tall mesic and xeric shrub: 2 – optimum
  • 11N Low xeric scrub: 2 – optimum
  • 11R Scrub and pioneer woodland of forests clearings: 2 – optimum
  • 12 Forests

  • 12A Alder carrs: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 12B Alluvial forests: 2 – optimum
  • 12C Oak-hornbeam forests: 2 – optimum
  • 12D Ravine forests: 2 – optimum
  • 12E Herb-rich beech forests: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 12F Limestone beech forests: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 12G Acidophilous beech forests: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 12H Peri-Alpidic basiphilous thermophilous oak forests: 2 – optimum
  • 12I Sub-continental thermophilous oak forests: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 12J Acidophilous thermophilous oak forests: 2 – optimum
  • 12K Acidophilous oak forests: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 12L Boreo-continental pine forests: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 12T Robinia pseudacacia plantations: 2 – optimum
  • 12U Plantations of broad-leaved non-native trees: 2 – optimum
  • 12V Spruce plantations: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 12W Pine and larch plantations: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 13 Anthropogenic vegetation

  • 13A Annual vegetation of ruderal habitats: 2 – optimum
  • 13B Annual vegetation of arable land: 2 – optimum
  • 13C Annual vegetation of trampled habitats: 1 – rare occurrence
  • 13D Perennial thermophilous ruderal vegetation: 2 – optimum
  • 13E Perennial nitrophilous herbaceous vegetation of mesic sites: 4 – constant dominant
  • 13F Herbaceous vegetation of forests clearings and Rubus scrub: 2 – optimum

Distribution and frequency

  • Floristic zone: boreal, northern temperate, southern temperate, submeridional, meridional, subtropical, tropical
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  • Floristic region: Europe, Western Asia, Africa, Americas
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  • Elevational belt in the Czech Republic: lowlands, colline belt, submontane belt, montane belt
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  • Expansive taxon in the region: Bohemian Thermophyticum, Bohemian Moravian Mesophyticum, Bohemian Moravian Oreophyticum, Pannonian Thermophyticum, Carpathian Mesophyticum
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  • Occurrence frequency in the basic grid mapping cells and quadrants of the basic grid mapping cells: 653, 2372
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  • Commonness in vegetation plots from the Czech Republic

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  • Maximum percentage cover in vegetation plots: 88 %
  • Number of habitats with taxon occurrence in the Czech Republic

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  • Number of narrow habitats in which the taxon occurs: 59
  • Number of narrow habitats in which the taxon has its optimum: 19
  • Number of broad habitats in which the taxon occurs: 11
  • Number of broad habitats in which the taxon has its optimum: 4
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