Height is taken from the Key to the Flora of the Czech Republic (Kaplan et al. 2019), and the value is relevant for the Czech Republic. It is measured in metres and relates to fully developed mature plants growing in the wild. Each taxon is characterized by two values: minimum (lower limit of the common range) and maximum (upper limit of the common range).
Kaplan Z., Danihelka J., Chrtek Jr. J., Kirschner J., Kubát K., Štěpánek J. & Štech M. (eds) (2019): Klíč ke květeně České republiky. – Academia, Praha.
Growth form describes potential lifespan of the plant and its parts (ramets), its reproductive strategy and durability of its aboveground parts (Klimešová et al. 2016, Ottaviani et al. 2017). Here the growth form is classified into nine categories, which also consider herbaceous vs woody nature of the stem. Annual herbs comprise plants that as a rule live for one season only, and reproduce sexually in the same season in which they germinated. They may but need not be clonal; their clonality typically does not result in fragmentation. Perennial herbs are plants without perennial aboveground parts or with short (up to 20 cm) perennial aboveground parts. They are divided into three categories: (i) Monocarpic perennial non-clonal herbs, which reproduce sexually once in their life and do not possess woody aboveground parts or organs of clonal growth, (ii) Polycarpic perennial non-clonal herbs, which reproduce sexually several times during their lifespan and do not possess organs of clonal growth, and (iii) Clonal herbs, which possess organs of clonal growth enabling them to make fragments during their lifespan and to form independent units (ramets) by vegetative reproduction; the whole plant reproduces sexually several times during its lifespan, while individual ramets may reproduce once or several times during their lifespan. The other categories include woody plants, which may but need not possess organs of clonal growth and may be able or not of fragmentation and vegetative reproduction. The woody plants are divided into dwarf shrubs (woody plants lower than 30 cm, also including those with woody stems at the base which becomes herbaceous above), woody lianas and parasitic epiphytes, which include only two species of the Czech flora, Loranthus europaeus and Viscum album Data were partly taken from the aggregated CLO-PLA database version 3.4 (Klimešová et al. 2017), but the original categories were completed by the division to herbaceous vs woody species, and taxa not included in CLO-PLA were added.
Dřevojan P. (2020): Growth form. – www.pladias.cz.
Klimešová J., Nobis M.P. & Herben T. (2016): Links between shoot and plant longevity and plant economics spectrum: Environmental and demographic implications. – Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 22: 55–62.
Klimešová J., Danihelka J., Chrtek J., de Bello F. & Herben T. (2017): CLO-PLA: a database of clonal and bud-bank traits of the Central European flora. – Ecology 98: 1179.
Ottaviani G., Martínková J., Herben T., Pausas J. G. & Klimešová J. (2017): On plant modularity traits: functions and challenges. – Trends in Plant Science 22: 648–651.
Life form classification follows Raunkiaer (1934). Data on life forms were taken from the Key to the flora of the Czech Republic (Kaplan et al. 2019), with the dominant life form being listed first.
Macrophanerophytes are woody plants that bear the buds surviving the unfavourable season at least 2 m above the ground, usually trees; nanophanerophytes are woody plants with surviving buds 0.3–2 m above the ground, usually shrubs; chamaephytes are herbs or low woody plants with surviving buds above the ground, but not more than 30 cm above it; hemicryptophytes are perennial or biennial herbs with surviving buds on aboveground shoots at the level of the ground; geophytes are perennial plants with surviving buds belowground, usually with bulbs, tubers or rhizomes; hydrophytes are plants with surviving buds in water, usually on the bottom of water bodies; therophytes are summer- or winter-annual herbs, which survive the unfavourable season only as seeds germinating in autumns, winter or spring.
Kaplan Z., Danihelka J., Chrtek Jr. J., Kirschner J., Kubát K., Štěpánek J. & Štech M. (eds) (2019): Klíč ke květeně České republiky. – Academia, Praha.
Raunkiaer C. (1934): The life forms of plants and statistical plant geography. – Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Grime (1974, 1979) distinguished three basic ecological strategies of plants: competitive strategy (C), advantageous in habitats where resources are abundant, conditions not extreme and disturbance level is low; stress tolerant strategy (S), advantageous where resources are scarce, conditions severe, but disturbance is uncommon; and ruderal strategy (R), advantageous where resources are abundant and conditions not extreme, but disturbance level is high. There are also intermediate strategies in all possible combinations of the three basic types (CR, CS, SR, CSR). Data were taken from the BiolFlor database (Klotz & Kühn 2002).
Klotz S. & Kühn I. (2002): Ökologische Strategietypen. – In: Klotz S., Kühn I. & Durka W. (eds), BIOLFLOR: Eine Datenbank mit biologisch-ökologischen Merkmalen zur Flora von Deutschland. – Schriftenr. Vegetationsk. 38: 197–201.
Grime J. P. (1974): Vegetation classification by reference to strategies. – Nature 250: 26–31.
Grime J. P. (1979): Plant strategies and vegetation processes. – Wiley, Chichester.
Grime (1974, 1979) distinguished three basic ecological strategies of plants: competitive strategy (C), advantageous in habitats where resources are abundant, conditions not extreme and the disturbance level is low; stress tolerant strategy (S), advantageous where resources are scarce, conditions severe, but disturbance is uncommon; and ruderal strategy (R), advantageous where resources are abundant and conditions not extreme, but the disturbance level is high.
Taxa of the Czech flora were assigned to life strategies based on the method proposed by Pierce et al. (2017). This method uses data on three key leaf traits: leaf area (LA; high in competitive taxa), leaf dry matter content (LDMC; high in stress-tolerant taxa) and specific leaf area (SLA; high in ruderal taxa). From these data, it calculates scores that express the degree of taxon belonging to C, S or R strategy, which are measured on a percentage scale, and the sum of the three scores for individual taxa is 100%. Based on these scores, the taxa are assigned to the basic strategies C, S and R, intermediate strategies CS, CR, SR and CSR, and transitions between them, e.g. C/CS or SR/CSR. Data on leaf traits for these calculations or calculated values were taken from the LEDA database (Kleyer et al. 2008) and Bjorkman et al. (2018), Dayrell et al. (2018), Findurová (2018) and Tavşanoğlu & Pausas (2018).
Guo W. & Pierce S. (2019): Life strategy. – www.pladias.cz.
Bjorkman A. D., Myers‐Smith I. H. , Elmendorf S. C. et al. (2018): Tundra Trait Team: A database of plant traits spanning the tundra biome. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 27: 1402–1411.
Dayrell R. L., Arruda A. J., Pierce S., Negreiros D., Meyer P. B., Lambers H., & Silveira F. A. (2018): Ontogenetic shifts in plant ecological strategies. – Funct. Ecol. 32: 2730–2741.
Findurová A. (2018): Variabilita listových znaků SLA a LDMC vybraných druhů rostlin České republiky [Variability of leaf traits SLA and LDMC in selected species of the Czech flora]. – Master thesis, Masaryk University, Brno.
Grime J. P. (1974): Vegetation classification by reference to strategies. – Nature 250: 26–31.
Grime J. P. (1979): Plant strategies and vegetation processes. – Wiley, Chichester.
Kleyer M., Bekker R. M., Knevel I. C., Bakker J. P., Thompson K., Sonnenschein M., Poschlod P., van Groenendael J. M., Klimeš L., Klimešová J., Klotz S., Rusch G. M., Hermy M., Adriaens D., Boedeltje G., Bossuyt B., Dannemann A., Endels P., Gӧtzenberger L., Hodgson J. G., Jackel A. K., Kühn I., Kunzmann D., Ozinga W. A., Romermann C., Stadler M., Schlegelmilch J., Steendam H.J., Tackenberg O., Wilmann B., Cornelissen J. H. C., Eriksson O., Garnier E. & Peco B. (2008): The LEDA Traitbase: a database of life-history traits of the Northwest European flora. – J. Ecol. 96: 1266–1274.
Pierce S., Negreiros D., Cerabolini B. E. L., Kattge J., Díaz S., Kleyer M., Shipley B., Wright S. J., Soudzilovskaia N. A., Onipchenko V. G., van Bodegom P. M., Frenette-Dussault C., Weiher E., Pinho B. X., Cornelissen J. H. C., Grime J. P., Thompson K., Hunt R., Wilson P. J., Buffa G., Nyakunga O. C., Reich P. B., Caccianiga M., Mangili F., Ceriani R. M., Luzzaro A., Brusa G., Siefert A., Barbosa N. P. U., Chapin F. S., Cornwell W. K., Fang J., Fernandes G. W., Garnier E., Le Stradic S., Peñuelas J., Melo F. P. L., Slaviero A., Tabarelli M., Tampucci D. (2017): A global method for calculating plant CSR ecological strategies applied across biomes world-wide. – Funct. Ecol. 31: 444–457.
Tavşanoğlu Ç. & Pausas J. G. (2018): A functional trait database for Mediterranean Basin plants. Sci. Data 5: 180135.
Grime (1974, 1979) distinguished three basic ecological strategies of plants: competitive strategy (C), advantageous in habitats where resources are abundant, conditions not extreme and the disturbance level is low; stress tolerant strategy (S), advantageous where resources are scarce, conditions severe, but disturbance is uncommon; and ruderal strategy (R), advantageous where resources are abundant and conditions not extreme, but the disturbance level is high.
Taxa of the Czech flora were assigned to life strategies based on the method proposed by Pierce et al. (2017). This method uses data on three key leaf traits: leaf area (LA; high in competitive taxa), leaf dry matter content (LDMC; high in stress-tolerant taxa) and specific leaf area (SLA; high in ruderal taxa). From these data, it calculates scores that express the degree of taxon belonging to C, S or R strategy, which are measured on a percentage scale, and the sum of the three scores for individual taxa is 100%. Based on these scores, the taxa are assigned to the basic strategies C, S and R, intermediate strategies CS, CR, SR and CSR, and transitions between them, e.g. C/CS or SR/CSR. Data on leaf traits for these calculations or calculated values were taken from the LEDA database (Kleyer et al. 2008) and Bjorkman et al. (2018), Dayrell et al. (2018), Findurová (2018) and Tavşanoğlu & Pausas (2018).
Guo W. & Pierce S. (2019): Life strategy. – www.pladias.cz.
Bjorkman A. D., Myers‐Smith I. H. , Elmendorf S. C. et al. (2018): Tundra Trait Team: A database of plant traits spanning the tundra biome. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 27: 1402–1411.
Dayrell R. L., Arruda A. J., Pierce S., Negreiros D., Meyer P. B., Lambers H., & Silveira F. A. (2018): Ontogenetic shifts in plant ecological strategies. – Funct. Ecol. 32: 2730–2741.
Findurová A. (2018): Variabilita listových znaků SLA a LDMC vybraných druhů rostlin České republiky [Variability of leaf traits SLA and LDMC in selected species of the Czech flora]. – Master thesis, Masaryk University, Brno.
Grime J. P. (1974): Vegetation classification by reference to strategies. – Nature 250: 26–31.
Grime J. P. (1979): Plant strategies and vegetation processes. – Wiley, Chichester.
Kleyer M., Bekker R. M., Knevel I. C., Bakker J. P., Thompson K., Sonnenschein M., Poschlod P., van Groenendael J. M., Klimeš L., Klimešová J., Klotz S., Rusch G. M., Hermy M., Adriaens D., Boedeltje G., Bossuyt B., Dannemann A., Endels P., Gӧtzenberger L., Hodgson J. G., Jackel A. K., Kühn I., Kunzmann D., Ozinga W. A., Romermann C., Stadler M., Schlegelmilch J., Steendam H.J., Tackenberg O., Wilmann B., Cornelissen J. H. C., Eriksson O., Garnier E. & Peco B. (2008): The LEDA Traitbase: a database of life-history traits of the Northwest European flora. – J. Ecol. 96: 1266–1274.
Pierce S., Negreiros D., Cerabolini B. E. L., Kattge J., Díaz S., Kleyer M., Shipley B., Wright S. J., Soudzilovskaia N. A., Onipchenko V. G., van Bodegom P. M., Frenette-Dussault C., Weiher E., Pinho B. X., Cornelissen J. H. C., Grime J. P., Thompson K., Hunt R., Wilson P. J., Buffa G., Nyakunga O. C., Reich P. B., Caccianiga M., Mangili F., Ceriani R. M., Luzzaro A., Brusa G., Siefert A., Barbosa N. P. U., Chapin F. S., Cornwell W. K., Fang J., Fernandes G. W., Garnier E., Le Stradic S., Peñuelas J., Melo F. P. L., Slaviero A., Tabarelli M., Tampucci D. (2017): A global method for calculating plant CSR ecological strategies applied across biomes world-wide. – Funct. Ecol. 31: 444–457.
Tavşanoğlu Ç. & Pausas J. G. (2018): A functional trait database for Mediterranean Basin plants. Sci. Data 5: 180135.
Grime (1974, 1979) distinguished three basic ecological strategies of plants: competitive strategy (C), advantageous in habitats where resources are abundant, conditions not extreme and the disturbance level is low; stress tolerant strategy (S), advantageous where resources are scarce, conditions severe, but disturbance is uncommon; and ruderal strategy (R), advantageous where resources are abundant and conditions not extreme, but the disturbance level is high.
Taxa of the Czech flora were assigned to life strategies based on the method proposed by Pierce et al. (2017). This method uses data on three key leaf traits: leaf area (LA; high in competitive taxa), leaf dry matter content (LDMC; high in stress-tolerant taxa) and specific leaf area (SLA; high in ruderal taxa). From these data, it calculates scores that express the degree of taxon belonging to C, S or R strategy, which are measured on a percentage scale, and the sum of the three scores for individual taxa is 100%. Based on these scores, the taxa are assigned to the basic strategies C, S and R, intermediate strategies CS, CR, SR and CSR, and transitions between them, e.g. C/CS or SR/CSR. Data on leaf traits for these calculations or calculated values were taken from the LEDA database (Kleyer et al. 2008) and Bjorkman et al. (2018), Dayrell et al. (2018), Findurová (2018) and Tavşanoğlu & Pausas (2018).
Guo W. & Pierce S. (2019): Life strategy. – www.pladias.cz.
Bjorkman A. D., Myers‐Smith I. H. , Elmendorf S. C. et al. (2018): Tundra Trait Team: A database of plant traits spanning the tundra biome. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 27: 1402–1411.
Dayrell R. L., Arruda A. J., Pierce S., Negreiros D., Meyer P. B., Lambers H., & Silveira F. A. (2018): Ontogenetic shifts in plant ecological strategies. – Funct. Ecol. 32: 2730–2741.
Findurová A. (2018): Variabilita listových znaků SLA a LDMC vybraných druhů rostlin České republiky [Variability of leaf traits SLA and LDMC in selected species of the Czech flora]. – Master thesis, Masaryk University, Brno.
Grime J. P. (1974): Vegetation classification by reference to strategies. – Nature 250: 26–31.
Grime J. P. (1979): Plant strategies and vegetation processes. – Wiley, Chichester.
Kleyer M., Bekker R. M., Knevel I. C., Bakker J. P., Thompson K., Sonnenschein M., Poschlod P., van Groenendael J. M., Klimeš L., Klimešová J., Klotz S., Rusch G. M., Hermy M., Adriaens D., Boedeltje G., Bossuyt B., Dannemann A., Endels P., Gӧtzenberger L., Hodgson J. G., Jackel A. K., Kühn I., Kunzmann D., Ozinga W. A., Romermann C., Stadler M., Schlegelmilch J., Steendam H.J., Tackenberg O., Wilmann B., Cornelissen J. H. C., Eriksson O., Garnier E. & Peco B. (2008): The LEDA Traitbase: a database of life-history traits of the Northwest European flora. – J. Ecol. 96: 1266–1274.
Pierce S., Negreiros D., Cerabolini B. E. L., Kattge J., Díaz S., Kleyer M., Shipley B., Wright S. J., Soudzilovskaia N. A., Onipchenko V. G., van Bodegom P. M., Frenette-Dussault C., Weiher E., Pinho B. X., Cornelissen J. H. C., Grime J. P., Thompson K., Hunt R., Wilson P. J., Buffa G., Nyakunga O. C., Reich P. B., Caccianiga M., Mangili F., Ceriani R. M., Luzzaro A., Brusa G., Siefert A., Barbosa N. P. U., Chapin F. S., Cornwell W. K., Fang J., Fernandes G. W., Garnier E., Le Stradic S., Peñuelas J., Melo F. P. L., Slaviero A., Tabarelli M., Tampucci D. (2017): A global method for calculating plant CSR ecological strategies applied across biomes world-wide. – Funct. Ecol. 31: 444–457.
Tavşanoğlu Ç. & Pausas J. G. (2018): A functional trait database for Mediterranean Basin plants. Sci. Data 5: 180135.
Grime (1974, 1979) distinguished three basic ecological strategies of plants: competitive strategy (C), advantageous in habitats where resources are abundant, conditions not extreme and the disturbance level is low; stress tolerant strategy (S), advantageous where resources are scarce, conditions severe, but disturbance is uncommon; and ruderal strategy (R), advantageous where resources are abundant and conditions not extreme, but the disturbance level is high.
Taxa of the Czech flora were assigned to life strategies based on the method proposed by Pierce et al. (2017). This method uses data on three key leaf traits: leaf area (LA; high in competitive taxa), leaf dry matter content (LDMC; high in stress-tolerant taxa) and specific leaf area (SLA; high in ruderal taxa). From these data, it calculates scores that express the degree of taxon belonging to C, S or R strategy, which are measured on a percentage scale, and the sum of the three scores for individual taxa is 100%. Based on these scores, the taxa are assigned to the basic strategies C, S and R, intermediate strategies CS, CR, SR and CSR, and transitions between them, e.g. C/CS or SR/CSR. Data on leaf traits for these calculations or calculated values were taken from the LEDA database (Kleyer et al. 2008) and Bjorkman et al. (2018), Dayrell et al. (2018), Findurová (2018) and Tavşanoğlu & Pausas (2018).
Guo W. & Pierce S. (2019): Life strategy. – www.pladias.cz.
Bjorkman A. D., Myers‐Smith I. H. , Elmendorf S. C. et al. (2018): Tundra Trait Team: A database of plant traits spanning the tundra biome. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 27: 1402–1411.
Dayrell R. L., Arruda A. J., Pierce S., Negreiros D., Meyer P. B., Lambers H., & Silveira F. A. (2018): Ontogenetic shifts in plant ecological strategies. – Funct. Ecol. 32: 2730–2741.
Findurová A. (2018): Variabilita listových znaků SLA a LDMC vybraných druhů rostlin České republiky [Variability of leaf traits SLA and LDMC in selected species of the Czech flora]. – Master thesis, Masaryk University, Brno.
Grime J. P. (1974): Vegetation classification by reference to strategies. – Nature 250: 26–31.
Grime J. P. (1979): Plant strategies and vegetation processes. – Wiley, Chichester.
Kleyer M., Bekker R. M., Knevel I. C., Bakker J. P., Thompson K., Sonnenschein M., Poschlod P., van Groenendael J. M., Klimeš L., Klimešová J., Klotz S., Rusch G. M., Hermy M., Adriaens D., Boedeltje G., Bossuyt B., Dannemann A., Endels P., Gӧtzenberger L., Hodgson J. G., Jackel A. K., Kühn I., Kunzmann D., Ozinga W. A., Romermann C., Stadler M., Schlegelmilch J., Steendam H.J., Tackenberg O., Wilmann B., Cornelissen J. H. C., Eriksson O., Garnier E. & Peco B. (2008): The LEDA Traitbase: a database of life-history traits of the Northwest European flora. – J. Ecol. 96: 1266–1274.
Pierce S., Negreiros D., Cerabolini B. E. L., Kattge J., Díaz S., Kleyer M., Shipley B., Wright S. J., Soudzilovskaia N. A., Onipchenko V. G., van Bodegom P. M., Frenette-Dussault C., Weiher E., Pinho B. X., Cornelissen J. H. C., Grime J. P., Thompson K., Hunt R., Wilson P. J., Buffa G., Nyakunga O. C., Reich P. B., Caccianiga M., Mangili F., Ceriani R. M., Luzzaro A., Brusa G., Siefert A., Barbosa N. P. U., Chapin F. S., Cornwell W. K., Fang J., Fernandes G. W., Garnier E., Le Stradic S., Peñuelas J., Melo F. P. L., Slaviero A., Tabarelli M., Tampucci D. (2017): A global method for calculating plant CSR ecological strategies applied across biomes world-wide. – Funct. Ecol. 31: 444–457.
Tavşanoğlu Ç. & Pausas J. G. (2018): A functional trait database for Mediterranean Basin plants. Sci. Data 5: 180135.
Types of shoot metamorphoses are adopted from the BiolFlor database (Krumbiegel 2002).
Krumbiegel A. (2002): Morphologie der vegetativen Organe (außer Blätter). – In: Klotz S., Kühn I. & Durka W. (eds), BIOLFLOR: Eine Datenbank mit biologisch-ökologischen Merkmalen zur Flora von Deutschland. – Schriftenr. Vegetationsk. 38: 93–118.
Data on the presence of leaves on the plant and their metamorphoses are based on the Flora of the Czech Republic (vol. 1–8) and the Key to the Flora of the Czech Republic (Kubát et al. 2002).
Hejný S., Slavík B., Chrtek J., Tomšovic P. & Kovanda M. (eds) (1988): Květena České socialistické republiky 1. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Hrouda L. & Skalický V. (eds) (1990): Květena České republiky 2. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Kirschner J. & Křísa B.(eds) (1992): Květena České republiky 3. – Academia, Praha.
Kubát K., Hrouda L., Chrtek J. jun., Kaplan Z., Kirschner J. & Štěpánek J. (eds) (2002): Klíč ke květeně České republiky [Key to the Flora of the Czech Republic]. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Štěpánková J. (eds) (2000): Květena České republiky 6. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Tomšovic P. (eds) (1997): Květena České republiky 5. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Smejkal M., Dvořáková M. & Grulich V. (eds) (1995): Květena České republiky 4. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Štěpánková J. & Štěpánek J. (eds) (2004): Květena České republiky 7. – Academia, Praha.
Štěpánková J., Chrtek J. jun. & Kaplan Z. (eds) (2010): Květena České republiky 8. – Academia, Praha.
Four basic types of leaf arrangement are distinguished: alternate, opposite, whorled and basal rosette. The character is assessed in well-developed specimens, i.e. not in those re-sprouting after damage by mowing or grazing or those with teratological modifications. In some taxa more than one character state may occur (e.g. Hylotelephium jullianum and Salix purpurea): all character states are recorded in such cases. In some plants, the arrangement of frondose bracts in the inflorescence is assessed separately (e.g. in Veronica persica and V. polita true leaves are opposite, while bracts are alternate). Leaves with interpetiolar stipules found in the Rubiaceae family are considered as whorled. In some taxa the leaf arrangement is difficult to assess; for instance, in Rhamnus cathartica the leaves are considered as opposite, although in most cases they are actually subopposite. The leaflet arrangement in compound leaves is not considered; consequently, leaf arrangement both in Vicia dumetorum and V. sepium was assessed as alternate although the latter has opposite leaflets.
The information was extracted mainly from the descriptions in the Flora of the Czech Republic (vol. 1–8; Hejný et al. 1988–1992, Slavík et al. 1997–2004, Štěpánková et al. 2010). In cases of uncertainties, mainly in alien taxa, further sources were consulted, including the Flora of North America (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 1993), Flora of China (Wu et al. 1994) and Flora of Pakistan (http://www.tropicos.org/Project/Pakistan).
Grulich V., Holubová D., Štěpánková P. & Řezníčková M. (2017): Leaf arrangement. – www.pladias.cz.
Flora of North America Editorial Committee (eds) (1993): Flora of North America North of Mexico. – Oxford University Press, New York.
Flora of Pakistan. – http://www.tropicos.org/Project/Pakistan
Hejný S., Slavík B., Chrtek J., Tomšovic P. & Kovanda M. (eds) (1988): Květena České socialistické republiky 1. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Hrouda L. & Skalický V. (eds) (1990): Květena České republiky 2. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Kirschner J. & Křísa B. (eds) (1992): Květena České republiky 3. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Štěpánková J. (eds) (2000): Květena České republiky 6. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Tomšovic P. (eds) (1997): Květena České republiky 5. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Smejkal M., Dvořáková M. & Grulich V. (eds) (1995): Květena České republiky 4. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Štěpánková J. & Štěpánek J. (eds) (2004): Květena České republiky 7. – Academia, Praha.
Štěpánková J., Chrtek J. jun. & Kaplan Z. (eds) (2010): Květena České republiky 8. – Academia, Praha.
Wu Z., Raven P. H. & Huang D. (eds) (1994): Flora of China. – Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
A distinction is made between simple and compound leaves. Although this character is considered simple and unambiguous to assess, the decision between (simple) pinnatisect and compound leaves is difficult in taxa where transitions between both character states occur. Leaves with linear or filiform segments, including the bi-, tri- or even more-pinnatisect or palmatisect leaves (e.g. stem leaves in Cardamine pratensis, Ranunculus fluitans and the genus Seseli) were classified as simple (dissected) leaves. In contrast, leaves with wider segments attached to the rachis by a distinct constriction or a petiolule (e.g. stem leaves in Cardamine dentata or ground leaves in Pimpinella saxifraga) were classified as compound. Heterophyllous taxa were assigned both character states. Leaves with more than one level of division were classified based on the first level of division: those with a petiolule or a clear constriction at the base of the first-order segments were considered as compound. In contrast, pedate leaves (e.g. in Helleborus) were classified as simple. The parasitic plants with rudimentary (vestigial) leaves (e.g. Cuscuta) and the plants with phylloclades replacing the vestigial leaves (e.g. Asparagus) were assigned the character state “leaves reduced”.
The information was extracted mainly from the descriptions in the Flora of the Czech Republic (vol. 1–8; Hejný et al. 1988–1992, Slavík et al. 1997–2004, Štěpánková et al. 2010). In cases of uncertainties, mainly concerning alien taxa, further sources were consulted, including the Flora of North America (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 1993), Flora of China (Wu et al. 1994) and Flora of Pakistan (http://www.tropicos.org/Project/Pakistan).Grulich V., Holubová D., Štěpánková P. & Řezníčková M. (2017): Leaf type. – www.pladias.cz.
Flora of North America Editorial Committee (eds) (1993): Flora of North America North of Mexico. – Oxford University Press, New York.
Flora of Pakistan. – http://www.tropicos.org/Project/Pakistan
Hejný S., Slavík B., Chrtek J., Tomšovic P. & Kovanda M. (eds) (1988): Květena České socialistické republiky 1. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Hrouda L. & Skalický V. (eds) (1990): Květena České republiky 2. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Kirschner J. & Křísa B. (eds) (1992): Květena České republiky 3. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Štěpánková J. (eds) (2000): Květena České republiky 6. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Tomšovic P. (eds) (1997): Květena České republiky 5. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Smejkal M., Dvořáková M. & Grulich V. (eds) (1995): Květena České republiky 4. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Štěpánková J. & Štěpánek J. (eds) (2004): Květena České republiky 7. – Academia, Praha.
Štěpánková J., Chrtek J. jun. & Kaplan Z. (eds) (2010): Květena České republiky 8. – Academia, Praha.
Wu Z., Raven P. H. & Huang D. (eds) (1994): Flora of China. – Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
As there is a striking variation in the division (dissection) of a simple leaf, only basic types were considered, derived from the leaf venation. The distinction was therefore made only between palmately divided (e.g. Alchemilla), pinnately divided (e.g. Achillea millefolium), forked (e.g. Batrachium, Ceratophyllum and Utricularia) and pedate (Helleborus) leaves. The assessment is related to well-developed leaves. In many taxa, transitions are found between simple leaves with a dentate or serrate margin, and simple divided (pinnately or palmately lobed) leaves. Only the leaves with the lamina divided at least in one-quarter of its width were considered as divided. Many taxa with varying leaf division (e.g. Taraxacum sect. Palustria) were assigned to more than one character state.
The information was extracted mainly from the descriptions in the Flora of the Czech Republic (vol. 1–8; Hejný et al. 1988–1992, Slavík et al. 1997–2004, Štěpánková et al. 2010). In cases of uncertainties, mainly concerning alien taxa, further sources were consulted, including the Flora of North America (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 1993), Flora of China (Wu et al. 1994) and Flora of Pakistan (http://www.tropicos.org/Project/Pakistan).
Grulich V. & Štěpánková P. (2017): Simple leaf type. – www.pladias.cz.
Flora of North America Editorial Committee (eds) (1993): Flora of North America North of Mexico. – Oxford University Press, New York.
Flora of Pakistan. – http://www.tropicos.org/Project/Pakistan
Hejný S., Slavík B., Chrtek J., Tomšovic P. & Kovanda M. (eds) (1988): Květena České socialistické republiky 1. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Hrouda L. & Skalický V. (eds) (1990): Květena České republiky 2. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Kirschner J. & Křísa B. (eds) (1992): Květena České republiky 3. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Štěpánková J. (eds) (2000): Květena České republiky 6. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Tomšovic P. (eds) (1997): Květena České republiky 5. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Smejkal M., Dvořáková M. & Grulich V. (eds) (1995): Květena České republiky 4. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Štěpánková J. & Štěpánek J. (eds) (2004): Květena České republiky 7. – Academia, Praha.
Štěpánková J., Chrtek J. jun. & Kaplan Z. (eds) (2010): Květena České republiky 8. – Academia, Praha.
Wu Z., Raven P. H. & Huang D. (eds) (1994): Flora of China. – Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
Data on presence/absence of stipules. Caducous stipules, i.e. those disappearing soon after the leaf blade has developed (e.g. in the genus Prunus), were considered as equal to persistent stipules (character state “stipules present”). The interpetiolar stipules, which are morphologically not distinguishable from true leaves (e.g. in Rubiaceae, rendering the leaves “whorled”), were also considered as true stipules (character state “stipules present”). In contrast, stipules modified to glands (e.g. in Lotus) or hairs (e.g. in Portulacaceae) were considered as the character state “stipules absent”.
Information about the presence of stipules was extracted from the descriptions in the Flora of the Czech Republic (vol. 1–8; Hejný et al. 1988–1992, Slavík et al. 1997–2004, Štěpánková et al. 2010). In cases of uncertainties, mainly concerning alien taxa, descriptions in the Flora of North America (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 1993), Flora of China (Wu et al. 1994) and Flora of Pakistan (http://www.tropicos.org/Project/Pakistan) were consulted.
Grulich V., Holubová D., Štěpánková P. & Řezníčková M. (2017): Stipules. – www.pladias.cz.
Flora of North America Editorial Committee (eds) (1993): Flora of North America North of Mexico. – Oxford University Press, New York.
Flora of Pakistan. – http://www.tropicos.org/Project/Pakistan
Hejný S., Slavík B., Chrtek J., Tomšovic P. & Kovanda M. (eds) (1988): Květena České socialistické republiky 1. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Hrouda L. & Skalický V. (eds) (1990): Květena České republiky 2. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Kirschner J. & Křísa B. (eds) (1992): Květena České republiky 3. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Štěpánková J. (eds) (2000): Květena České republiky 6. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Tomšovic P. (eds) (1997): Květena České republiky 5. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Smejkal M., Dvořáková M. & Grulich V. (eds) (1995): Květena České republiky 4. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Štěpánková J. & Štěpánek J. (eds) (2004): Květena České republiky 7. – Academia, Praha.
Štěpánková J., Chrtek J. jun. & Kaplan Z. (eds) (2010): Květena České republiky 8. – Academia, Praha.
Wu Z., Raven P. H. & Huang D. (eds) (1994): Flora of China. – Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
Data on presence/absence of petiole. The Flora of the Czech Republic (Vols 1–8; Hejný et al. 1988–1992; Slavík et al. 1995–2004; Štěpánková et al. 2010), the Key to the Flora of the Czech Republic (Kubát et al. 2002), the New Hungarian Herbal (Király et al. 2011) and the Excursion Flora of Germany (Rothmaler 2000) were used as data sources.
Prokešová H. & Grulich V. (2017): Petiole. – www.pladias.cz.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Chrtek J., Tomšovic P. & Kovanda M. (eds) (1988): Květena České socialistické republiky 1. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Hrouda L. & Skalický V. (eds) (1990): Květena České republiky 2. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Kirschner J. & Křísa B.(eds) (1992): Květena České republiky 3. – Academia, Praha.
Király G., Virók V. & Molnár V. (eds) (2011): Új Magyar füvészkönyv. Magyarország hajtásos növényei: ábrák. – Aggteleki Nemzeti Park Igazgatóság, Jósvafő.
Kubát K., Hrouda L., Chrtek J. jun., Kaplan Z., Kirschner J. & Štěpánek J. (eds) (2002): Klíč ke květeně Českérepubliky [Key to the flora of the Czech Republic]. – Academia, Praha.
Rothmaler W. (2000): Exkursionsflora von Deutschland. Gefäßpflanzen: Atlasband. – Spectrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg, Berlin.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Štěpánková J. (eds) (2000): Květena České republiky 6. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Tomšovic P. (eds) (1997): Květena České republiky 5. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Smejkal M., Dvořáková M. & Grulich V. (eds) (1995): Květena České republiky 4. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Štěpánková J. & Štěpánek J. (eds) (2004): Květena České republiky 7. – Academia, Praha.
Štěpánková J., Chrtek J. jun. & Kaplan Z. (eds) (2010): Květena České republiky 8. – Academia, Praha.
Leaf persistence is an important trait for plant competitiveness. It depends on nutrient and light availability and temperature in typical habitats of the taxon. Data were taken from the BiolFlor database (Klotz & Kühn 2002).
Klotz S. & Kühn I. (2002): Blattmerkmale. – In: Klotz S., Kühn I. & Durka W. (eds), BIOLFLOR: Eine Datenbank mit biologisch-ökologischen Merkmalen zur Flora von Deutschland. – Schriftenr. Vegetationsk. 38: 119–126.
Leaf anatomy is an important ecological adaptation which helps plants to optimize photosynthesis under various environmental conditions. It reflects especially the availability of water (Klotz & Kühn 2002). Succulent leaves with water storage tissue and scleromorphic leaves are adapted to dry conditions; mesomorphic leaves to moderately humid conditions; hygromorphic leaves to a humid environment; helomorphic leaves to oxygen deficiency in swampy soils; and hydromorphic leaves are adapted to gas exchange in the water. The most common type in the Czech flora is mesomorphic leaves. Data were taken from the BiolFlor database (Klotz & Kühn 2002).
Klotz S. & Kühn I. (2002): Blattmerkmale. – In: Klotz S., Kühn I. & Durka W. (eds), BIOLFLOR: Eine Datenbank mit biologisch-ökologischen Merkmalen zur Flora von Deutschland. – Schriftenr. Vegetationsk. 38: 119–126.
The months of the beginning and end of flowering in the Czech Republic are given. Data were taken from the Key to the Flora of the Czech Republic (Kaplan et al. 2019).
Kaplan Z., Danihelka J., Chrtek Jr. J., Kirschner J., Kubát K., Štěpánek J. & Štech M. (eds) (2019): Klíč ke květeně České republiky. – Academia, Praha.
Flowering period for plants is usually indicated in months. However, as the start and end of the flowering period depend on weather, exact time may change from year to year. Therefore, Dierschke (1995) classified plant taxa into symphenological groups, i.e. groups of taxa that usually bloom together. Data are taken from the BiolFlor database (Trefflich et al. 2002).
Dierschke H. (1995): Phänologische and symphänologische Artengruppen von Blütenpflanzen in Mitteleuropa. – Tuexenia 15: 523–560.
Flower colour is reported for nearly all angiosperms except duckweeds (Araceae p. p.) and some hybrids for which data on flower colour were not available.
If a species has more than one flower colour, all colours are reported irrespective of their frequency. This approach is used both for species that regularly form populations with different flower colours (e.g. Corydalis cava and Iris pumila) and for species with occasional occurrence of deviating flower colour (e.g. albinism in Salvia pratensis or pink flowers in Ajuga reptans). However, the whole range of variation is not fully reported in cultivated plants, for which all the cultivars of different colour may not be reported (e.g. Gladiolus hortulanus and Callistephus chinensis).
In plants with flowers of two colours (e.g. Cypripedium calceolus), both colours are reported. In plants with multi-coloured flowers (e.g. the variegated lip in Ophrys apifera) the predominant colour is reported.
If the flower has a well-developed corolla or perigon, the reported flower colour depends on these parts. If such a flower has bracts of a contrasting colour (e.g. Melampyrum nemorosum), their colour is not considered. If corolla or perigon are not developed, the flower colour is based on calyx (e.g. Daphne mezereum) or bracts (e.g. Aristolochia clematitis). Similarly, the colour of the system of bracts and bracteoles in the inflorescence was assessed in Euphorbia, or the colour of the involucre on secondary peduncles was assessed in Bupleurum longifolium. In species of Araceae with spadix and spathe of contrasting colours (e.g. Calla palustris) both colours are reported, while in small pleustonic species with tiny flowers the colour is not reported.
The colour of the whole inflorescence is reported in woody plants with reduced flowers (e.g. catkins in Betula or Salix). The colour of reduced flowers of graminoid plants, especially Cyperaceae and Typhaceae, was assessed in a similar way. Spikelets in Poaceae are reported as green disregarding a possible violet tint; exceptions include Melica ciliata agg. and Cortaderia that are reported as white. Also in other (rare) cases, the inflorescence colour is reported as flower colour (e.g. Ficus carica – green).
In Asteraceae, the colours of the disk flowers and ray flowers are reported separately if the ray flowers are developed and have a contrasting colour (e.g. Bellis perennis). The colour of involucrum is reported for species with tiny flower heads and indistinct flowers (e.g. Artemisia campestris and Xanthium) and for “immortelles” (e.g. Helichrysum and Xeranthemum).
Flower colours were divided into the following main categories, including colours of different hue and saturation:
Information on flower colour was obtained from the field knowledge, various photographs and descriptions in the Flora of the Czech Republic (volumes 1–8; Hejný et al. 1988–1992, Slavík et al. 1997–2004, Štěpánková et al. 2010). In the taxa that are not reported in the Flora of the Czech Republic, as well as in unclear cases (especially in alien species of the Czech flora), other sources were used, especially the Flora of North America (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 1993), Flora of China (Wu et al. 1994) and Flora of Pakistan (http://www.tropicos.org/Project/Pakistan).
Flora of North America Editorial Committee (eds) (1993): Flora of North America North of Mexico. – Oxford University Press, New York.
Flora of Pakistan. – http://www.tropicos.org/Project/Pakistan
Hejný S., Slavík B., Chrtek J., Tomšovic P. & Kovanda M. (eds) (1988): Květena České socialistické republiky 1. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Hrouda L. & Skalický V. (eds) (1990): Květena České republiky 2. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Kirschner J. & Křísa B. (eds) (1992): Květena České republiky 3. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Štěpánková J. (eds) (2000): Květena České republiky 6. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Tomšovic P. (eds) (1997): Květena České republiky 5. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Smejkal M., Dvořáková M. & Grulich V. (eds) (1995): Květena České republiky 4. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Štěpánková J. & Štěpánek J. (eds) (2004): Květena České republiky 7. – Academia, Praha.
Štěpánková J., Chrtek J. jun. & Kaplan Z. (eds) (2010): Květena České republiky 8. – Academia, Praha.
Wu Z., Raven P. H. & Huang D. (eds) (1994): Flora of China. – Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
Flowere are divided to zygomorphic (with bilateral symmetry) and actinomorphic (with radial symmetry). This character was not assessed in spore-bearing vascular plants and gymnosperms. Neither was it assessed in taxa with achlamydeous flowers (e.g. Salix ) and in taxa with a strongly reduced or rudimentary perianth or with the perianth modified in scale-like or setaceous structures. This applies to numerous plants adapted to anemogamy or hydrogamy; the former group includes all the members of the families Betulaceae, Fagaceae, Cyperaceae and Poaceae; the latter, for instance, the genera Ceratophyllum and Zannichellia. In these plants, the flowers are considered as reduced. In contrast, flower symmetry was assessed in plants with the perianth reduced to a corolla-like calyx (genus Daphne or the family Aizoaceae), further in taxa in which the perianth is replaced by a petal-like bract (Aristolochia) and in taxa with flowers surrounded by complex structures combining bracts with the proper perianth or petal-like staminodes and stamens (Canna). Flowers with spiral or spirocyclic phyllotaxy, which may be considered as actinomorphic at the first look, were classified as actinomorphic in the Nymphaeaceae family and in most species of Ranunculaceae, though they are actually asymmetric, while flowers in some other members of Ranunculaceae (e.g. in the genera Aconitum and Delphinium) were classified as zygomorphic. Dissymmetric flowers (in the Brassicaceae family and the genera Dicentra and Lamprocapnos) were consistently classified as actinomorphic.
The information about flower symmetry was extracted from the descriptions in the Flora of the Czech Republic (vol. 1–8; Hejný et al. 1988–1992, Slavík et al. 1997–2004, Štěpánková et al. 2010). If some uncertainty occurred, particularly for some alien taxa, the descriptions in the Flora of North America (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 1993), Flora of China (Wu et al. 1994) and Flora of Pakistan (http://www.tropicos.org/Project/Pakistan) were consulted.
Grulich V., Holubová D., Štěpánková P. & Řezníčková M. (2017): Flower symmetry. – www.pladias.cz.
Flora of North America Editorial Committee (eds) (1993): Flora of North America North of Mexico. – Oxford University Press, New York.
Flora of Pakistan. – http://www.tropicos.org/Project/Pakistan
Hejný S., Slavík B., Chrtek J., Tomšovic P. & Kovanda M. (eds) (1988): Květena České socialistické republiky 1. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Hrouda L. & Skalický V. (eds) (1990): Květena České republiky 2. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Kirschner J. & Křísa B. (eds) (1992): Květena České republiky 3. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Štěpánková J. (eds) (2000): Květena České republiky 6. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Tomšovic P. (eds) (1997): Květena České republiky 5. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Smejkal M., Dvořáková M. & Grulich V. (eds) (1995): Květena České republiky 4. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Štěpánková J. & Štěpánek J. (eds) (2004): Květena České republiky 7. – Academia, Praha.
Štěpánková J., Chrtek J. jun. & Kaplan Z. (eds) (2010): Květena České republiky 8. – Academia, Praha.
Wu Z., Raven P. H. & Huang D. (eds) (1994): Flora of China. – Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
The morphology of the perianth (perigon), i.e. the non-reproductive part of the flower, is assessed. Heterochlamydeous flowers are divided into calyx and corolla. In homochlamydeous flowers, calyx and corolla are indistinguishable. Perianth or some of its parts can be reduced or absent; flowers with no perianth are called achlamydeous. In the Apiaceae family, the presence of the calyx teeth was assessed as a reduced calyx; if these teeth are invisible, the calyx was considered as absent. In the Asteraceae family, the presence of a pappus, scales or a collar-like structure was considered as a reduced calyx; if no pappus bristles or similar structures were present, the calyx was considered as absent. In the Cyperaceae family, the presence of perigon bristles was assessed as a reduced perigon. All members of the Poaceae family were considered as plants with a reduced perigon. The perianth in the genus Basella was arbitrarily classified as a reduced calyx though it is also often considered as a reduced homochlamydeous.
The character states “homochlamydeous, sometimes absent” and “homochlamydeous, reduced or absent ” mean that in one plant some flowers may have a well-developed or reduced perianth, respectively, while other flowers may by achlamydeous (e.g. some genera of the Amaranthaceae family, mainly in the genus Atriplex). In the genus Aristolochia the actual reduced perianth was assessed although the flower is completely hidden in a conspicuous zygomorphic bract.
The information was extracted mainly from the descriptions in the Flora of the Czech Republic (vol. 1–8; Hejný et al. 1988–1992, Slavík et al. 1997–2004, Štěpánková et al. 2010). For the taxa not treated in that flora or if some uncertainties occurred, mainly concerning some alien taxa, descriptions in the Flora of North America (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 1993), Flora of China (Wu et al. 1994) and Flora of Pakistan (http://www.tropicos.org/Project/Pakistan) were consulted.
Grulich V., Prokešová H. & Štěpánková P. (2017): Perianth. – www.pladias.cz.
Flora of North America Editorial Committee (eds) (1993): Flora of North America North of Mexico. – Oxford University Press, New York.
Flora of Pakistan. – http://www.tropicos.org/Project/Pakistan
Hejný S., Slavík B., Chrtek J., Tomšovic P. & Kovanda M. (eds) (1988): Květena České socialistické republiky 1. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Hrouda L. & Skalický V. (eds) (1990): Květena České republiky 2. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Kirschner J. & Křísa B. (eds) (1992): Květena České republiky 3. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Štěpánková J. (eds) (2000): Květena České republiky 6. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Tomšovic P. (eds) (1997): Květena České republiky 5. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Smejkal M., Dvořáková M. & Grulich V. (eds) (1995): Květena České republiky 4. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Štěpánková J. & Štěpánek J. (eds) (2004): Květena České republiky 7. – Academia, Praha.
Štěpánková J., Chrtek J. jun. & Kaplan Z. (eds) (2010): Květena České republiky 8. – Academia, Praha.
Wu Z., Raven P. H. & Huang D. (eds) (1994): Flora of China. – Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
The character is assessed either as a fusion of the corolla or, in homochlamydeous taxa (e.g. in Liliaceae, Amaryllidaceae and Orchidaceae) as a fusion of the perigon. This character was not assessed in spore-bearing vascular plants and gymnosperms, which do not form flowers, and in achlamydeous genera (e.g. Salix). Neither was this character assessed in plants with a strongly reduced or rudimentary perianth or with the perianth modified in scale-like or setaceous structures with a varying number of bristles, which may be free (e.g. in Cyperaceae) or partially fused (e.g. in most of Poaceae); perianth of such plants is considered as reduced. Also, the perianth of the Aristolochia species is classified as reduced (neither fused nor free): the perianth is modified to scales situated at the bottom of a tube-like structure formed by fused bracts. The fusion of the corolla was also not assessed in the genus Daphne, in which the corolla is absent, being functionally replaced by a corolla-like calyx. Both basic character states were assigned to the taxa with unisexual male and female flowers that differ in the fusion of the perianth (e.g. Cannabis). A similar approach was used in taxa in which some flowers are homochlamydeous and others are achlamydeous (e.g. Atriplex).
The basic information was extracted from the Flora of the Czech Republic (vol. 1–8; Hejný et al. 1988–1992, Slavík et al. 1997–2004, Štěpánková et al. 2010). If some uncertainty occurred, especially for alien taxa, other sources were consulted, including the Flora of North America (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 1993), Flora of China (Wu et al. 1994) and Flora of Pakistan (http://www.tropicos.org/Project/Pakistan).
Grulich V., Holubová D., Štěpánková P. & Řezníčková M. (2017): Fusion of the perianth. – www.pladias.cz.
Flora of North America Editorial Committee (eds) (1993): Flora of North America North of Mexico. – Oxford University Press, New York.
Flora of Pakistan. – http://www.tropicos.org/Project/Pakistan
Hejný S., Slavík B., Chrtek J., Tomšovic P. & Kovanda M. (eds) (1988): Květena České socialistické republiky 1. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Hrouda L. & Skalický V. (eds) (1990): Květena České republiky 2. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Kirschner J. & Křísa B.(eds) (1992): Květena České republiky 3. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Štěpánková J. (eds) (2000): Květena České republiky 6. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Tomšovic P. (eds) (1997): Květena České republiky 5. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Smejkal M., Dvořáková M. & Grulich V. (eds) (1995): Květena České republiky 4. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Štěpánková J. & Štěpánek J. (eds) (2004): Květena České republiky 7. – Academia, Praha.
Štěpánková J., Chrtek J. jun. & Kaplan Z. (eds) (2010): Květena České republiky 8. – Academia, Praha.
Wu Z., Raven P. H. & Huang D. (eds) (1994): Flora of China. – Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
Calyx can be fused into calyx tube (synsepalous calyx) or composed of distinct sepals (synsepalous). A cup-shaped tube formed of fused sepals, petals and stamens is called hypanthium. In some plants (especially in Asteraceae) calyx is modified into a ring of fine feathery hairs called pappus. The Flora of the Czech Republic (Vols 1–8; Hejný et al. 1988–1992; Slavík et al. 1995–2004; Štěpánková et al. 2010), the Key to the Flora of the Czech Republic (Kubát et al. 2002), the New Hungarian Herbal (Király et al. 2011) and the Excursion Flora of Germany (Rothmaler 2000) were used as data sources.
Prokešová H. & Grulich V. (2017): Calyx fusion. – www.pladias.cz.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Chrtek J., Tomšovic P. & Kovanda M. (eds) (1988): Květena České socialistické republiky 1. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Hrouda L. & Skalický V. (eds) (1990): Květena České republiky 2. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Kirschner J. & Křísa B.(eds) (1992): Květena České republiky 3. – Academia, Praha.
Király G., Virók V. & Molnár V. (eds) (2011): Új Magyar füvészkönyv. Magyarország hajtásos növényei: ábrák. – Aggteleki Nemzeti Park Igazgatóság, Jósvafő.
Kubát K., Hrouda L., Chrtek J. jun., Kaplan Z., Kirschner J. & Štěpánek J. (eds) (2002): Klíč ke květeně Českérepubliky [Key to the flora of the Czech Republic]. – Academia, Praha.
Rothmaler W. (2000): Exkursionsflora von Deutschland. Gefäßpflanzen: Atlasband. – Spectrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg, Berlin.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Štěpánková J. (eds) (2000): Květena České republiky 6. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Tomšovic P. (eds) (1997): Květena České republiky 5. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Smejkal M., Dvořáková M. & Grulich V. (eds) (1995): Květena České republiky 4. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Štěpánková J. & Štěpánek J. (eds) (2004): Květena České republiky 7. – Academia, Praha.
Štěpánková J., Chrtek J. jun. & Kaplan Z. (eds) (2010): Květena České republiky 8. – Academia, Praha.
Inflorescence types follow the morphological system used in the Flora of the Czech Republic (vol. 1–8; Hejný et al. 1988–1992, Slavík et al. 1997–2004, Štěpánková et al. 2010). As the Czech terminology used for inflorescences does not match the English terminology, we use Latin terms in the English version of the Pladias database. The exact identification of the inflorescence type is often equivocal because of varying interpretations of the same object. In species with unisexual flowers, male and female flowers can occur in different inflorescence types. In other cases, it is not possible to identify the inflorescence without detailed knowledge of evolutionary morphology, e.g. umbella vs. pseudumbella in the genus Butomus. There are also compound inflorescences, in some cases with very different structure of their parts, especially in Asteraceae, which can have even triple inflorescences (e.g. Echinops often has an anthella ex anthodii capitulis composita).
The information was extracted mainly from the descriptions in the Flora of the Czech Republic (vol. 1–8; Hejný et al. 1988–1992, Slavík et al. 1997–2004, Štěpánková et al. 2010). For the taxa not treated in that flora or if some uncertainties occurred, mainly concerning some alien taxa, descriptions in the Flora of North America (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 1993), Flora of China (Wu et al. 1994) and Flora of Pakistan (http://www.tropicos.org/Project/Pakistan) were consulted. In critical groups (e.g. the genus Rubus), especially in recently described species, inflorescence type was taken from original sources.
Grulich V. & Štěpánková P. (2019) Inflorescence type. – www.pladias.cz.
Flora of North America Editorial Committee (eds) (1993): Flora of North America North of Mexico. – Oxford University Press, New York.
Flora of Pakistan. – http://www.tropicos.org/Project/Pakistan
Hejný S., Slavík B., Chrtek J., Tomšovic P. & Kovanda M. (eds) (1988): Květena České socialistické republiky 1. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Hrouda L. & Skalický V. (eds) (1990): Květena České republiky 2. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Kirschner J. & Křísa B. (eds) (1992): Květena České republiky 3. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Štěpánková J. (eds) (2000): Květena České republiky 6. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Tomšovic P. (eds) (1997): Květena České republiky 5. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Smejkal M., Dvořáková M. & Grulich V. (eds) (1995): Květena České republiky 4. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Štěpánková J. & Štěpánek J. (eds) (2004): Květena České republiky 7. – Academia, Praha.
Štěpánková J., Chrtek J. jun. & Kaplan Z. (eds) (2010): Květena České republiky 8. – Academia, Praha.
Wu Z., Raven P. H. & Huang D. (eds) (1994): Flora of China. – Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
Dicliny characterizes the level of spatial separation of male and female reproductive organs. Monoclinous (synoecious) plants, including most taxa of the Central European flora, have only bisexual (hermaphroditic) flowers. The plants with unisexual flowers are either monoecious (with both male and female flowers growing on the same individual) or dioecious (with male and female flowers growing on different individuals). Gynomonoecious plants have female and bisexual flowers on the same individuals, while andromonoecious plants have male and bisexual flowers on the same individuals. Gynodioecious plants have female and bisexual flowers on different individuals, or some individuals have only female flowers, and other individuals have both male and female flowers. Androdioecious plants have male and bisexual flowers on different individuals, or some individuals have only male flowers, and other individuals have both male and female flowers. Trioecious plants have individuals with male flowers, individuals with female flowers, and individuals with bisexual (or both male and female unisexual) flowers. Trimonoecious plants have a male, female and bisexual flowers on the same individual. Other plants can be male sterile. Data on dicliny were taken from the BiolFlor database (Durka 2002).
Durka W. (2002): Blüten- und Reproduktionsbiologie. – In: Klotz S., Kühn I. & Durka W. (eds), BIOLFLOR: Eine Datenbank mit biologisch-ökologischen Merkmalen zur Flora von Deutschland. – Schriftenr. Vegetationsk. 38: 133–175.
Data on generative reproduction modes (breeding systems) of the taxa of the Czech flora were obtained through a search in the available literature. Only verified records are included. The mode of generative reproduction is defined by the origin of gametes that fuse to form offspring. On the one hand, it includes obligate outcrossing, controlled by genetic mechanisms of recognition and rejection of self-pollen prior to the fertilization of the egg cell, which prevents self-fertilization (allogamy, self-incompatibility), sequential hermaphroditism (dichogamy) or simply by unisexuality of plant individuals (dioecy). On the other hand, it includes obligate autogamy which refers to the fusion of two gametes that come from one flower or one individual. However, most common in angiosperms are various mixed strategies, in which reproduction occurs by both self-fertilization and mating with other individuals. The degree of self-fertilization can be affected by both genetical and ecological factors, among others by frequency, diversity and foraging strategy of pollinators. Three categories are distinguished: (i) facultative allogamy (outcrossing prevails, but selfing is possible), (ii) facultative autogamy (mainly selfing, outcrossing is rare) and (iii) mixed mating, in which both outcrossing and selfing are common, sometimes with different frequencies among populations. The last main category, apomixis, includes seed production without fertilization. It can be either obligate (offspring is genetically identical with the maternal plant) or facultative (accompanied by residual sexuality, as a rule with a low frequency). Hybrid plants are often sterile, but sometimes they can reproduce vegetatively and persist for a long time. In some cases (e.g. in Pilosella) such sterile hybrids are included in this list. Some morphologically well-defined and widely accepted taxa consist of populations with contrasting modes of reproduction (as a rule connected with ploidy levels), e.g. some populations are sexual and allogamous while the others are apomictic.
Chrtek J. Jr. (2018): Generative reproduction mode. – www.pladias.cz.
Pollen is transferred to stigma by different vectors, including abiotic vectors such as wind (anemophily) or water (hydrophily), or biotic vectors such as insects (entomophily), gastropods (malacophily), birds (ornithophily) or bats (chiropterophily). An alternative mechanism is selfing (autogamy), which can include special mechanisms such cleistogamy (selfing in rudimentary, obligatorily autogamous flowers), pseudocleistogamy (selfing in flowers that do not open due to adverse environmental conditions) or geitonogamy (selfing by pollen from a neighbouring flower of the same plant except the cases of pollen transfer by a vector). Pollination vectors are adopted from the BiolFlor database (Durka 2002).
Durka W. (2002): Blüten- und Reproduktionsbiologie. – In: Klotz S., Kühn I. & Durka W. (eds), BIOLFLOR: Eine Datenbank mit biologisch-ökologischen Merkmalen zur Flora von Deutschland. – Schriftenr. Vegetationsk. 38: 133–175.
The fruit classification is based on the scheme outlined in the first volume of the Flora of the Czech Republic (Slavíková 1988), consistently using the typological method. This means that fruits were assigned to a particular type based purely on their morphology following the formal definitions of the fruit type, regardless of the fruit type found in closely related species or genera. For example, one-seeded fruits in the Brassicaceae family (e.g. Crambe) were classified as achenes, not siliculas. Indehiscent two- and more-seeded fruits in the same family, breaking mainly in constrictions (e.g. in Bunias and Raphanus), were consistently classified as a loment, even if the fruit breaks into two distinct parts, of which one is one-seeded and the other, of strikingly different shape, two- or more-seeded and dehiscent, such as in Rapistrum rugosum. A similar approach was used for the classification of fruits in Fabaceae. Dehiscent fruits of most taxa were classified as pods, while indehiscent two- and more-seeded fruits breaking into single-seeded parts (e.g. in Hippocrepis and Securigera) were classified as loments. Indehiscent, most frequently one-seeded fruits (e.g. in Onobrychis and Trifolium) were classified as achenes. More-seeded indehiscent fruits (e.g. in Faba bona and Sophora japonica) were also classified as pods. The classification of indehiscent fruits in the majority of Medicago species remains unclear. The fruits of all Euphorbia species were classified as capsules, although in some cases the seeds are not released; in such cases fruits are classified as schizocarps. Fleshy false fruits of the genera Nuphar and Nymphaea (Nymphaeaceae), Ficus, Morus and Maclura (Moraceae) and of the genus Basella are classified as a separate category.
The information about fruit type was extracted mainly from the descriptions in the Flora of the Czech Republic (vol. 1–8; Hejný et al. 1988–1992, Slavík et al. 1997–2004, Štěpánková et al. 2010). For the taxa not treated in that flora or in case of uncertainties, especially regarding alien taxa, descriptions in the Flora of North America (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 1993), Flora of China (Wu et al. 1994), Flora of Pakistan (http://www.tropicos.org/Project/Pakistan), and Flora Iberica (Castroviejo et al. 1986; the latter for the Fabaceae family) were consulted.
Grulich V., Holubová D., Štěpánková P. & Řezníčková M. (2017): Fruit type. – www.pladias.cz.
Castroviejo, S., Laínz M., López González G., Montserrat P., Muñoz Garmendia F., Paiva J.
& Villar L. (eds.) (1986): Flora Iberica. Plantas vasculares de la Península Ibérica e Islas Baleares. – Real Jardín Botánico, Madrid.
Flora of North America Editorial Committee (eds) (1993): Flora of North America North of Mexico. – Oxford University Press, New York.
Flora of Pakistan. – http://www.tropicos.org/Project/Pakistan
Hejný S., Slavík B., Chrtek J., Tomšovic P. & Kovanda M. (eds) (1988): Květena České socialistické republiky 1. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Hrouda L. & Skalický V. (eds) (1990): Květena České republiky 2. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Kirschner J. & Křísa B. (eds) (1992): Květena České republiky 3. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Štěpánková J. (eds) (2000): Květena České republiky 6. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Tomšovic P. (eds) (1997): Květena České republiky 5. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Smejkal M., Dvořáková M. & Grulich V. (eds) (1995): Květena České republiky 4. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Štěpánková J. & Štěpánek J. (eds) (2004): Květena České republiky 7. – Academia, Praha.
Slavíková Z. (1988): Terminologický slovník. – In: Hejný S., Slavík B., Chrtek J., Tomšovic P. & Kovanda M. (eds), Květena České socialistické republiky 1, Academia, Praha, p. 130–153.
Štěpánková J., Chrtek J. jun. & Kaplan Z. (eds) (2010): Květena České republiky 8. – Academia, Praha.
Wu Z., Raven P. H. & Huang D. (eds) (1994): Flora of China. – Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
Data on fruit colour (divided into ten basic colours) according to the Flora of the Czech Republic (Vols 1–8; Hejný et al. 1988–1992; Slavík et al. 1995–2004; Štěpánková et al. 2010) and the Key to the Flora of the Czech Republic (Kubát et al. 2002).
Hejný S., Slavík B., Chrtek J., Tomšovic P. & Kovanda M. (eds) (1988): Květena České socialistické republiky 1. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Hrouda L. & Skalický V. (eds) (1990): Květena České republiky 2. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Kirschner J. & Křísa B.(eds) (1992): Květena České republiky 3. – Academia, Praha.
Kubát K., Hrouda L., Chrtek J. jun., Kaplan Z., Kirschner J. & Štěpánek J. (eds) (2002): Klíč ke květeně Českérepubliky [Key to the flora of the Czech Republic]. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Štěpánková J. (eds) (2000): Květena České republiky 6. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Tomšovic P. (eds) (1997): Květena České republiky 5. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Smejkal M., Dvořáková M. & Grulich V. (eds) (1995): Květena České republiky 4. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Štěpánková J. & Štěpánek J. (eds) (2004): Květena České republiky 7. – Academia, Praha.
Štěpánková J., Chrtek J. jun. & Kaplan Z. (eds) (2010): Květena České republiky 8. – Academia, Praha.
Reproduction is the production of offspring that are physically separated from the parental plant. Plants reproduce either by seed (or spores) or vegetatively, while the combination of these two types of reproduction in the same taxon is common. Asexual seed production (apomixis) is not considered as vegetative reproduction. Data are taken from the BiolFlor database (Durka 2002).
Durka W. (2002): Blüten- und Reproduktionsbiologie. – In: Klotz S., Kühn I. & Durka W. (eds), BIOLFLOR: Eine Datenbank mit biologisch-ökologischen Merkmalen zur Flora von Deutschland. – Schriftenr. Vegetationsk. 38: 133–175.
Diaspore, also called dispersule or propagule, is a generative or vegetative part of the plant body that is dispersed from the parental plant and can produce a new individual. Generative diaspores include spores (in pteridophytes), seeds (in gymnosperms and angiosperms) or fruits or analogous dispersal units (e.g. aggregate or multiple fruits in Fragaria or Morus, respectively, gymnosperm cones, epimatium-bearing seed in Taxus, spikelets or their various fragments in Poaceae). Dehiscence or release of seed from ripe or decaying fruit is expressed by the combination seed+fruit, while indehiscent fruit is considered only as fruit. A specific category of generative diaspore is tumbleweeds, i.e. mature plant parts including stem branches and large inflorescence (e.g. Crambe tataria and Falcaria vulgaris). Vegetative diaspores are different from sedentary clonal modules and represent viable and movable parts of plants that originate above ground or in water and disconnect from the parent plant before sprouting. We did not consider as vegetative diaspores (i) clonal organs connected with the maternal plant until the new plant becomes independent (e.g. stolons in Fragaria) and (ii) various types of below-ground organs or shoot bases embedded in soil (e.g. tubers of Helianthus tuberosus or grass tillers). Vegetative diaspores include (1) turions (e.g. Myriophyllum and Utricularia) and similar overwintering structures (detachable buds in Elodea and Groenlandia and shortened shoots of some pondweeds produced by belowground rhizome, e.g. Potamogeton alpinus); (2) bulbils and tubers of stem origin (e.g. Allium oleraceum and Dentaria bulbifera) or root origin (Ficaria only); (3) plantlets born by pseudovivipary (e.g. Poa alpina); (4) plantlets born from buds on leaves (e.g. Cardamine pratensis); (5) plantlets born on free ends of stolons, detachable before establishing (e.g. Hydrocharis and Jovibarba); (6) unspecialized fragments of shoot (e.g. Sedum album and many aquatic plants), shoot tips (e.g. Ceratophyllum demersum) or detachable offsprings born from axillary buds (e.g. Agrostis canina, Arabidopsis halleri and Rorippa amphibia); (7) budding plants (Lemnaceae only); and (8) gemmae produced by gametophytes (Trichomanes speciosum only).
Sádlo J., Chytrý M., Pergl J. & Pyšek P. (2018): Plant dispersal strategies: a new classification based on the multiple dispersal modes of individual species. – Preslia 90: 1–22.
Myrmecochorous plants, i.e. taxa dispersed by ants, have a nutrient-rich fleshy appendage of seed or fruit, the elaiosome. However, in many taxa the morphological indication is equivocal. We selected approximately 300 potentially myrmecochorous taxa in the Czech flora: some of them were reported as myrmecochorous in the literature (Sernander 1906, Hejný et al. 1988, 1990, 1992, Fitter & Peat 1994, Slavík et al. 1995, 1997, 2000, 2004, Klotz et al. 2002, Grime et al. 2007, Kleyer et al. 2008, Servigne 2008, Štěpánková et al. 2010, Študent 2013), others were closely related congenerics of potentially myrmecochorous plants. These taxa were further examined; their list with seed images is available at http://botanika.prf.jcu.cz/myrmekochorie/.
These taxa belong to 36 families: Amaryllidaceae, Apiaceae, Apocynaceae, Aristolochiaceae, Asparagaceae, Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Celastraceae, Colchicaceae, Crassulaceae, Cyperaceae, Dipsacaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Iridaceae, Juncaceae, Lamiaceae, Liliaceae, Linaceae, Montiaceae, Orobanchaceae, Oxalidaceae, Papaveraceae, Plantaginaceae, Poaceae, Polygalaceae, Polygonaceae, Portulacaceae, Primulaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rosaceae, Resedaceae, Santalaceae, Urticaceae and Violaceae.
The taxa belonging to the other families were classified as (5) non-myrmecochorous (b). The same category is also used for the taxa from the above-mentioned families that have not been reported to be myrmecochorous and are not closely related to potentially myrmecochorous taxa. The plants from the list of potentially myrmecochorous taxa in which we found no structure resembling elaiosome in our samples were classified as (4) non-myrmecochorous (a). The taxa with clearly developed elaiosome (all of them from the list of potentially myrmecochorous taxa) were classified to the category (1) myrmecochorous.
The remaining taxa do not have any clear morphological indication. The appendage (i.e. a structure that could potentially be an elaiosome) is present, but the appendage:seed ratio is rather low so that the possible advantage of seed transport for the ants would be small. Chemical analysis of nutrients would be needed to decide whether the appendage is elaiosome or not since elaiosome nutrient content is rather stable across unrelated taxa (Konečná et al. 2018) and different from seeds. However, these analyses are demanding in terms of plant material volume and expensive. Another possibility is seed removal experiments, in which ants are offered seeds with appendage present and seeds with appendage artificially removed. Results of such experiments are available only for a very small fraction of the potentially myrmecochorous taxa. Therefore it was necessary to classify taxa based on their seed morphology. If the appendage seems to be fleshy (i.e. can soak water after drying out), the taxon is categorized as (2) probably myrmecochorous; if it does not resemble an elaiosome (e.g. non-fleshy appendage or rim), it is categorized as (3) probably non-myrmecochorous.
Categories 1 to 5 have subcategories nv (= non vidimus, i.e. not seen) in taxa for which we found no information in the literature or a photograph of a seed, and we failed to collect seeds from living plants, but the assignment to the category is likely based on the traits of closely related taxa. For example, Centaurea bruguiereana is classified as 1nv, because all the taxa of Centaurea for which we have data possess an elaiosome (i.e. are in category 1).
Konečná M., Štech M. & Lepš J. (2018): Myrmecochory. – www.pladias.cz.
Fitter A. H. & Peat H. J. (1994): The Ecological Flora Database. – J. Ecol. 82: 415–425.
Grime J. P., Hodgson J. G. & Hunt R. (eds) (2007): Comparative plant ecology: A functional
approach to common British species. 2nd edition. – Castlepoint Press, Colvend, Dalbeattie.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Chrtek J., Tomšovic P. & Kovanda M. (eds) (1988): Květena České socialistické republiky 1. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Hrouda L. & Skalický V. (eds) (1990): Květena České republiky 2. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Kirschner J. & Křísa B. (eds) (1992): Květena České republiky 3. – Academia, Praha.
Kleyer M., Bekker R. M., Knevel I. C., Bakker J. P., Thompson K., Sonnenschein M., Poschlod P., Van Groenendael J. M., Klimeš L., Klimešová J., Klotz S., Rusch G. M., Hermy M., Adriaens D., Boedeltje G., Bossuyt B., Dannemann A., Endels P., Götzenberger L., Hodgson J. G., Jackel A.-K., Kühn I., Kunzmann D., Ozinga W. A., Römermann C., Stadler M., Schlegelmilch J., Steendam H. J., Tackenberg O., Wilmann B., Cornelissen J. H. C., Eriksson O., Garnier E. & Peco B. (2008): The LEDA Traitbase: a database of life-history traits of the Northwest European flora. – J. Ecol. 96: 1266–1274.
Klotz S., Kühn I. & Durka W. (eds) (2002): BIOLFLOR – Eine Datenbank zu biologisch-ökologischen Merkmalen der Gefäßpflanzen in Deutschland. – Schriftenr. Vegetationsk. 38: 1–334.
Konečná M., Moos M., Zahradníčková H., Šimek P. & Lepš J. (2018): Tasty rewards for ants: differences in elaiosome and seed metabolite profiles are consistent across species and reflect taxonomic relatedness. – Oecologia 188: 753–764.
Slavík B., Smejkal M., Dvořáková M. & Grulich V. (eds) (1995): Květena České republiky 4. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Tomšovic P. (eds) (1997): Květena České republiky 5. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Štěpánková J. (eds) (2000): Květena České republiky 6. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Štěpánková J. & Štěpánek J. (eds) (2004): Květena České republiky 7. – Academia, Praha.
Štěpánková J., Chrtek J. jun. & Kaplan Z. (eds) (2010): Květena České republiky 8. – Academia, Praha.
Sernander R. (1906): Entwurf einer Monographie der europäischen Myrmekochoren. – Kung. Svensk. Vetenskapsakad. Handling. 41: 1–410.
Servigne P. (2008): Etude expérimentale et comparative de la myrmécochorie: le cas des
fourmis dispersatrices Lasius niger et Myrmica rubra. – Ph.D. thesis, Université libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles.
Študent V. (2012): Společné funkční vlastnosti myrmekochorních druhů rostlin České republiky a sezónní a denní dynamika odnosu diaspor všivce lesního (Pedicularis sylvatica) mravenci [Traits of myrmecochorous plants of the Czech Republic and a seasonal and daily seed’s removal dynamics of lousewort (Pedicularis sylvatica) by ants]. – Mgr. thesis, Jihočeská Univerzita, České Budějovice.
The concept of dispersal strategies follows Sádlo et al. (2018). Plants use different dispersal modes, also called dispersal syndromes, depending on different dispersal vectors (e.g. anemochory is the spread by wind, hydrochory is the spread by water, epizoochory by attachment to an animal body, endozoochory by animals via ingestion etc.). However, single plant species usually use a combination of several dispersal modes rather than a single dispersal mode. Distinct combinations of dispersal modes occurring repeatedly in different plant taxa are called dispersal strategies. Sádlo et al. (2018) distinguished nine dispersal strategies called by genus names of typical representatives. For each strategy, dispersal modes involved are shown in brackets, with dominant modes in capital letters:
Allium type (AUTOCHORY, anemochory, endozoochory, epizoochory). This is the most common dispersal strategy including about 56% taxa of the Czech flora. About half of the included taxa are dispersal generalists lacking a clear morphological indication of anemochory or zoochory.
Bidens type (AUTOCHORY, EPIZOOCHORY, endozoochory). This dispersal strategy is characterized by two essential dispersal modes, of which autochory is the more important, despite the presence of morphological structures indicating epizoochory.
Cornus type (AUTOCHORY, ENDOZOOCHORY). Herbaceous plants, shrubs and small trees with fleshy fruit, often of the Rosaceae family, typically have this strategy. Furthermore, tall trees bearing large, heavy and nutrient-rich seeds are also included.
Epilobium type (ANEMOCHORY, AUTOCHORY, endozoochory, epizoochory). This dispersal strategy is typical of taxa growing in mesic and dry habitats. Anemochory is obvious (72% of the included taxa are Asteraceae), while the role of autochory is less clear and its importance probably underestimated.
Lycopodium type (ANEMOCHORY, autochory, endozoochory, epizoochory, hydrochory). This dispersal strategy relies on light, very small spores and seeds that are dispersed, besides wind, by a wide range of vectors. Compared to other strategies, the role of autochory is small.
Phragmites type (ANEMOCHORY, HYDROCHORY, autochory, endozoochory, epizoochory). Wetland taxa with light diaspores (both seed and fruit) equipped with a hairy flying apparatus. Most of the taxa with this dispersal strategy lack vegetative diaspores. Woody plants, stout clonal graminoids and herbaceous plants are typical growth forms associated with this dispersal strategy.
Sparganium type (AUTOCHORY, HYDROCHORY, endozoochory, epizoochory). This dispersal strategy is a wetland analogue of the Wolffia type, assigned to aquatic plants. It applies to mostly monocotyledonous taxa producing achenes with good buoyancy and with vegetative diaspores having an important role.
Wolffia type (HYDROCHORY, endozoochory, epizoochory). This dispersal strategy is typical of aquatic macrophytes spread by fruit, seed or spores. However, vegetative reproduction dominates in most cases, including stem fragmentation, the formation of stolons or, in Lemnaceae, budding colonies.
Zea type. Taxa with this dispersal strategy rarely or never disperse by generative diaspores and do not form vegetative aboveground diaspores.
Sádlo J., Chytrý M., Pergl J. & Pyšek P. (2018): Plant dispersal strategies: a new classification based on the multiple dispersal modes of individual species. – Preslia 90: 1–22.
This trait, defined for herbs, is measured as the number of years from the emergence of the aboveground part of the shoot till its flowering and fruiting. As analysis based on morphological traits permits distinguishing shoots with cyclicity of one year (monocyclic) from those that live longer (di- and polycyclic), we use only these two categories. In sympodially branched plants, cyclicity refers to all shoots, while in monopodially branched plants it refers only to flowering shoots. Monocyclic plants typically do not possess leaf rosette, and all shoots in a population are able to flower. In contrast, di- and polycyclic shoots possess basal leaf rosette and shoot populations contains flowering and sterile shoots at the same time. Simultaneous occurrence of flowering and sterile shoots is also found in monopodially branched plants (see below). The data are based on individual observations in the CLO-PLA3 database (Klimešová & Klimeš 2006); if more types are reported for one taxon, the most frequently observed type is given here and di- and polycyclic plants are merged into a single type (denoted polycyclic; Klimešová et al. 2017).
Klimešová J., Danihelka J., Chrtek J., de Bello F. & Herben T. (2017):
CLO-PLA: a database of clonal and bud-bank traits of the Central
European flora. Ecology 98: 1179.
Klimešová J. & Klimeš L. (2006): CLO-PLA3: a database of clonal growth architecture of Central-European plants. – http://clopla.butbn.cas.cz.
Serebryakov I.G. (1952): Morfologiya vegetativnykh organov vysshikh rastenii. – Sovetskaya nauka, Moskva.
Branching type of perennial herbs determines whether individuals possess two different shoot types (flowering and sterile) or only one shoot type (which can potentially flower). In sympodially branched plants, all shoots are identical in their construction, replace each other during ontogeny of the individual and all can potentially flower. In contrast, monopodially branched plants possess two shoot types, one of which never flowers, whereas the flowering shoots arise from axillary buds of the non-flowering shoot. Finally, fern and lycopodioids can possess dichotomous branching, which is functionally similar to monopodial branching. The data reported here are based on individual observations in the CLO-PLA3 database (Klimešová & Klimeš 2006); if more types are reported for one taxon, the most frequently observed type is given here (Klimešová et al. 2017).
Klimešová J., Danihelka J., Chrtek J., de Bello F. & Herben T. (2017):
CLO-PLA: a database of clonal and bud-bank traits of the Central
European flora. Ecology 98: 1179.
Klimešová J. & Klimeš L. (2006): CLO-PLA3: a database of clonal growth architecture of Central-European plants. – http://clopla.butbn.cas.cz.
If the primary root is the only root for the whole life of a plant, the plant is not capable of forming roots on stems (i.e. adventitious roots) and therefore is non-clonal (unless it is able to form adventitious buds on roots). If the primary root is replaced during the ontogeny by adventitious roots formed on belowground parts of the stem, the plant is able to grow clonally. In some taxa, the primary root can split into later life stages also yielding several independent individuals. Some taxa form adventitious roots only under specific conditions (soil moisture, root injury, or old age); however, our knowledge of these modifiers is insufficient, and they are not reported here. The data reported here are based on individual observations stored in the CLO-PLA3 database (Klimešová & Klimeš 2006); if more types are reported for one taxon, the most frequently observed type is given (Klimešová et al. 2017). This trait is defined for herbs only.
Klimešová J., Danihelka J., Chrtek J., de Bello F. & Herben T. (2017):
CLO-PLA: a database of clonal and bud-bank traits of the Central
European flora. Ecology 98: 1179.
Klimešová J. & Klimeš L. (2006): CLO-PLA3: a database of clonal growth architecture of Central-European plants. – http://clopla.butbn.cas.cz.
Persistence of a clonal growth organ, defined for clonal herbs, determines the lifespan of the physical connection between the parent and offspring shoots. Because morphological analysis does not permit identification of such lifespan beyond a period of few years, the persistence of the connection was assessed in categories (<1, 1–2, >2 years; Klimešová & Klimeš 2006). From those categories, we used mean values of their ranges (0.5, 1.5 and 4 years) and the final value is a mean of all records for the given taxon and the given type of the clonal growth organ in the CLO-PLA3 database (Klimešová et al. 2017).
Klimešová J., Danihelka J., Chrtek J., de Bello F. & Herben T. (2017):
CLO-PLA: a database of clonal and bud-bank traits of the Central
European flora. Ecology 98: 1179.
Klimešová J. & Klimeš L. (2006): CLO-PLA3: a database of clonal growth architecture of Central-European plants. – http://clopla.butbn.cas.cz.
The number of offspring shoots produced per parent shoot of a clonal herb per year. Numbers were estimated in categories (<1, 1, 2–10, >10; Klimešová & Klimeš 2006), which presented as mean values of their ranges (0.5, 1, 6, and 15). The reported value is a mean of these values in all records for the given taxon and the given type of clonal growth organ in the CLO-PLA3 database (Klimešová et al. 2017).
Klimešová J., Danihelka J., Chrtek J., de Bello F. & Herben T. (2017):
CLO-PLA: a database of clonal and bud-bank traits of the Central
European flora. Ecology 98: 1179.
Klimešová J. & Klimeš L. (2006): CLO-PLA3: a database of clonal growth architecture of Central-European plants. – http://clopla.butbn.cas.cz.
The distance between parental and offspring shoots of a clonal herb. Lateral spreading distances were estimated in categories (<0.01 m, 0.01–0.25 m, >0.25 m; Klimešová & Klimeš 2006), which were further represented by mean values of their ranges (0.005 m, 0.13 m, 0.5 m). The reported value is a mean of these values in all records for the given taxon and the given type of clonal growth organ in the CLO-PLA3 database (Klimešová et al. 2017). Freely dispersible vegetative diaspores are not included.
Klimešová J., Danihelka J., Chrtek J., de Bello F. & Herben T. (2017):
CLO-PLA: a database of clonal and bud-bank traits of the Central
European flora. Ecology 98: 1179.
Klimešová J. & Klimeš L. (2006): CLO-PLA3: a database of clonal growth architecture of Central-European plants. – http://clopla.butbn.cas.cz.
The sum of the ordinal values of categories "Lateral spreading distance by clonal growth" and "Number of clonal offspring", following Johansson et al. (2011), defined for clonal herbs. The data reported here are based on individual observations in the CLO-PLA3 database (Klimešová & Klimeš 2006); if more categories of either number of offspring or lateral spreading distance are reported for one taxon, the most frequently observed type is given here (Klimešová et al. 2017).
Klimešová J., Danihelka J., Chrtek J., de Bello F. & Herben T. (2017):
CLO-PLA: a database of clonal and bud-bank traits of the Central
European flora. Ecology 98: 1179.
Klimešová J. & Klimeš L. (2006): CLO-PLA3: a database of clonal growth architecture of Central-European plants. – http://clopla.butbn.cas.cz.
Johansson V.A., Cousins S.A.O. & Eriksson O. (2011): Remnant populations and plant functional traits in abandoned semi-natural grasslands. – Folia Geobotanica 46: 165–179.
Clonality of herbs can be realized by the formation of freely dispersible clonal offspring, i.e. new individuals that are separated from the mother shoots very shortly after their formation and before they develop roots attaching them to the soil. They are dispersed by water or other agents. Typical examples are fragmenting buds, bulbils, turions or fragments of aquatic plants. The data reported here are based on individual observations in the CLO-PLA3 database (Klimešová & Klimeš 2006; Klimešová et al. 2017).
Klimešová J., Danihelka J., Chrtek J., de Bello F. & Herben T. (2017):
CLO-PLA: a database of clonal and bud-bank traits of the Central
European flora. Ecology 98: 1179.
Klimešová J. & Klimeš L. (2006): CLO-PLA3: a database of clonal growth architecture of Central-European plants. – http://clopla.butbn.cas.cz.
Clonal growth is defined as growth of the plant body that leads to the formation of physically independent asexual offspring. Here the clonal traits are described for herbs only. Morphological prerequisite for clonal growth is the formation of adventitious roots on stems or adventitious buds on roots that yield (potentially) physically independent individuals (Groff & Kaplan 1988). Some taxa possess several independent types of organs serving in clonal growth (clonal growth organs = CGO; Klimešová & Klimeš 2006). The present data report only one, selected as being the most important for the life cycle of the taxon, i.e. producing the highest number of offspring or permitting the individual to spread its offspring over large distances. The types of the clonal growth organs are morphological categories that are defined based on several parameters:
Klimešová J. & Klimeš L. (2006): CLO-PLA3: a database of clonal growth architecture of Central-European plants. – http://clopla.butbn.cas.cz.
Groff P.A. & Kaplan D.R. (1988): The relation of root systems to shoot systems in vascular plants. – Botanical Review 54: 387–422.
Bud bank denotes all inactive (dormant) buds on the plant body that can give rise to new shoots (Klimešová & Klimeš 2007). The most important part of the bud bank is located out of the reach of frost or drought (Raunkiaer 1934), i.e. at the soil surface or below. Consequently, we report only data on buds located there. The number of buds on plant organs located in different soil depths was assessed according to morphological characters (Klimešová & Klimeš 2007). The assessment was based on the assumption that each leaf (or leaf scale) axil contains a bud. Assessment of bud numbers was done in categories (0, 0–10, >10 buds per shoot; Klimešová & Klimeš 2006) and further we worked with centres of each category (0, 5, 15 buds per shoot). The final value was calculated as the mean of all medians for a taxon and particular soil depth (see Klimešová et al. 2017). The size of the belowground bud bank was determined as the sum of bud numbers per shoot summed over the soil profile. The depth of belowground bud bank was determined as the average depth of the buds in the soil. In addition to stem-derived buds, around 10% of taxa in the Czech flora possess the ability to form adventitious buds on the root or hypocotyl. As root buds cannot be counted (they are formed freely along the root), 15 buds were arbitrarily added per each 10 cm of depth for categories that include root buds. We use the term root buds as a general term denoting both buds on roots and hypocotyl. All the bud-bank characteristics are given for stem-derived buds only (root buds excluded) and all the buds (root buds included):
Klimešová J., Danihelka J., Chrtek J., de Bello F. & Herben T. (2017):
CLO-PLA: a database of clonal and bud-bank traits of the Central
European flora. Ecology 98: 1179.
Klimešová J. & Klimeš L. (2006): CLO-PLA3: a database of clonal growth architecture of Central-European plants. – http://clopla.butbn.cas.cz.
Klimešová J. & Klimeš L. (2007): Bud banks and their role in vegetative regeneration – a literature review and proposal for simple classification and assessment. – Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 8: 115–129.
Raunkiaer C. (1934): The life forms of plants and statistical plant geography. – Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Plant parasitism is based on two mechanisms. The first group of parasitic plants involves those that parasitize directly on another plant. These plants are called haustorial parasites. Using their characteristic organ, the haustorium, they uptake resources from the host’s vascular bundles. The second group comprises mycoheterotrophic plants, which parasitize on fungi via mycorrhizal interaction and gain organic carbon from them.
Taxa of both groups display variable dependence on their host organism. Green hemiparasites (hemiparasites, retaining the photosynthetic ability, which, however, can obtain part of the organic carbon from its host) and non-green holoparasites (holoparasites unable, to photosynthesize) are distinct functional groups within the haustorial parasites. Location of the haustorial attachment to the host (root or stem) is another important functional trait. The distinction between hemiparasites and holoparasites may not be straightforward in haustorial parasites. Consequently, we classify as holoparasites those plants that are in adulthood mostly without chlorophyll, even though some of them might have some chlorophyll and may perform residual photosynthesis (e.g. Cuscuta).
In mycoheterotrophic plants, there is a continuum from initial mycoheterotrophs through partial mycoheterotrophs to full mycoheterotrophs. In the initial mycoheterotrophs only initial stages, i.e. gametophytes or seedlings, are dependent on the fungus, whereas adult plants are autotrophic, while still depending on mycorrhizal symbiosis as a source of water and mineral nutrients. In the partial mycoheterotrophs photosynthesizing adults obtain from their mycorrhizal fungi not only water and mineral nutrients but also organic carbon to a different level. The full mycoheterotrophs lost their chlorophyll and are thus fully parasitic. In some partial mycoheterotrophs (e.g. the genus Cephalanthera), chlorotic individuals (i.e. plants without chlorophyll) can be found, which fully depend on their hosts.
Classification of haustorial parasites follows Těšitel (2016), and identification of mycoheterotrophs follows Merckx (2012).
Těšitel J., Těšitelová T., Blažek P. & Lepš J. (2016): Parasitism and mycoheterotrophy. – www.pladias.cz.
Těšitel J. (2016): Functional biology of parasitic plants: a review. – Plant Ecology and Evolution 149: 5–20.
Merckx V. S. F. T. (2012): Mycoheterotrophy: The biology of plants living on fungi. – Springer, Berlin.
Carnivorous plants attract, trap and kill their prey, animals (typically insects and small crustaceans) and protozoans, and subsequently absorb the nutrients from their dead bodies. There is no energy flow from the prey toward the carnivorous plants.
Plants are classified into groups without symbiotic nitrogen fixers and those that form a symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. The latter are further divided into those forming symbiosis with rhizobia (e.g. genera Allorhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, Mesorhizobium, Rhizobium and Sinorhizobium) and those forming the symbiosis with the genus Frankia, the latter called actinorhizal plants (Bond 1983, Pawlowski & Sprent 2007, Sprent 2008, Benson 2016).
Blažek P. & Lepš J. (2016): Symbiotic nitrogen fixing. – www.pladias.cz.
Benson D. R. (2016): Frankia & Actinorhizal Plants. – http://web.uconn.edu/mcbstaff/benson/Frankia/FrankiaHome.htm (accessed on 28 Apr 2016)
Bond G. (1983): Taxonomy and distribution of non-legume nitrogen-fixing systems. – In: Gordon J. C. & Wheeler C. T. (eds), Biological nitrogen fixation in forests: foundations and applications, p. 55–87, Martinus Nijhoff/Dr W. Junk Publ., The Hague.
Pawlowski K. & Sprent J. I. (2007): Comparison between actinorhizal and legume symbioses. – In: Pawlowski K. & Newton W. E. (eds), Nitrogen-fixing actinorhizal symbioses, p. 261–288, Springer, Dordrecht.
Sprent J. I. (2008): Evolution and diversity of legume symbiosis. – In: Dilworth M. J., James E. K., Sprent J. I. & Newton W. E. (eds), Nitrogen-fixing leguminous symbioses, p. 1–21, Springer, Dordrecht.
The somatic number of chromosomes in the zygotic stage, i.e. without possible endopolyploidy of somatic tissues. If different chromosomes numbers are known for a taxon, the database contains primarily the number reported from the Czech Republic or the number that is the most common in this country or can be expected to be the most common based on the data from neighbouring countries. Other existing and less common chromosome numbers are reported in brackets. The survey does not take into account anomalous chromosome numbers of individual, aneuploid, euploid, haploid or autopolyploid plants, which may rarely originate in natural or experimental populations, and numbers reported in very old works or from geographically distant areas for which the taxonomic identity with Czech plants is unclear. The data compilation is based mainly on the information from the Flora of the Czech Republic (Hejný et al. 1988–1992, Slavík et al. 1997–2004, Štěpánková et al. 2010) and the Chromosome Count Database (Rice et al. 2015; http://ccdb.tau.ac.il/). If only information about ploidy level is available from flow cytometry measurements but no chromosome number is known, the number typical of the given ploidy in closely related taxa is indicated.
Šmarda P. (2018): Chromosome number (2n). – www.pladias.cz.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Chrtek J., Tomšovic P. & Kovanda M. (eds) (1988): Květena České socialistické republiky 1. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Hrouda L. & Skalický V. (eds) (1990): Květena České republiky 2. – Academia, Praha.
Hejný S., Slavík B., Kirschner J. & Křísa B. (eds) (1992): Květena České republiky 3. – Academia, Praha.
Rice A., Glick L., Abadi S., Einhorn M., Kopelman N. M., Salman-Minkov A., Mayzel J., Chay O. & Mayrose I. (2015): The Chromosome Counts Database (CCDB) – a community resource of plant chromosome numbers. – New Phytol. 206: 19–26.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Štěpánková J. (eds) (2000): Květena České republiky 6. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Chrtek J. jun. & Tomšovic P. (eds) (1997): Květena České republiky 5. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Smejkal M., Dvořáková M. & Grulich V. (eds) (1995): Květena České republiky 4. – Academia, Praha.
Slavík B., Štěpánková J. & Štěpánek J. (eds) (2004): Květena České republiky 7. – Academia, Praha.
Štěpánková J., Chrtek J. jun. & Kaplan Z. (eds) (2010): Květena České republiky 8. – Academia, Praha.
The number of somatic chromosomal sets in the zygotic stage, i.e. without the possible endopolyploidy of somatic tissues. Ploidy level determines the minimum copy number of most genes, influences minimal cell size and a number of other morphological and ecological properties of the taxon (Stebbins 1950, Levin 2002, Tate et al. 2005, Dar & Rehman 2017). The data presented here are based on the traits "Chromosome number" and "2C genome size", and to a lesser extent also on a literature search of flow cytometry works related to the area of the Czech Republic. The reported values are especially those reported from the Czech Republic or those ploidy levels that are most frequent in this country or at least are assumed to be the most frequent based on the data from neighbouring countries. The other existing (minor) ploidy levels (cytotypes) that are documented from the Czech Republic or may be expected to occur here based on the records from neighbouring countries are indicated in brackets. The survey does not take into account the observations of individual haploid or autopolyploid plants which may rarely originate in natural or experimental populations and the ploidy levels derived from the numbers of chromosomes reported in very old works or from geographically distant areas, where taxonomic identity with Czech plants is unclear. The size of one chromosomal set (x) or the "base chromosome number" for calculating the ploidy level is derived here from the lowest chromosome number known in the given genus or the group of closely related genera (e.g. Raven 1975). This minimum chromosome number is generally considered to correspond to diploids (i.e., two chromosomal sets). A taxon is considered as polyploid whenever its chromosome number and genome size are jointly ±doubled (or otherwise multiplied) compared to the diploid taxa of related genera. It may therefore sometimes happen that no diploid taxa are known from some genera. The absence of diploids in a given genus may result from (i) the lack of karyological data, (ii) the extinction of the diploid relative(s), or (iii) a polyploidy event that predated the origin of the whole genus, with the current genomes still showing limited signs of backward "diploidization". The joint usage of the chromosome number and genome size enables to estimate ploidy levels also for the taxa with holocentric chromosomes (Cyperaceae, Juncaceae, Cuscuta sect. Cuscuta, C. sect. Gramica and Drosera), where the chromosome number does need to be positively correlated with the ploidy level due to possible chromosomal fissions and fusions (agmatoploidy and symploidy, respectively; Bureš et al. 2013). To handle the chromosomal fusions in Luzula, chromosome size categories as defined by Nordeskiöld (1951) were further considered to properly estimate the actual ploidy level.
Šmarda P. (2018): Ploidy level (x). – www.pladias.cz.
Bureš P., Zedek F. & Marková M. (2013): Holocentric chromosomes. – In: Leitch I. J., Greilhuber J., Wendel J. & Wendel J. (eds), Plant genome diversity, vol. 2: Physical structure, behaviour and evolution of plant genomes. Springer, Wien, p. 187–208.
Dar T.-U.-H. & Rehman R.-U. (2017): Polyploidy: recent trends and future perspectives. – Springer, New Delhi.
Levin D. A. (2002): The role of chromosomal change in plant evolution. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Nordenskiöld H. (1951): Cytotaxonomical studies in the genus Luzula. – Hereditas 37: 325–355.
Raven P. H. (1975): The bases of angiosperm phylogeny: cytology. – Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 62: 724–764.
Stebbins G. L. (1950): Variation and evolution in plants. Columbia University Press, New York.
Tate J. A., Soltis D. E. & Soltis P. S. (2005): Polyploidy in plants. – In: Gregory R. T. (ed.) The evolution of the genome. Elsevier, Amsterdam, p. 371–426.
Somatic (2C) nuclear DNA content (number of DNA base-pairs) in a zygotic cell. This measure can vary among taxa due to both polyploidy and the variability in the content of non-coding DNA (Leitch & Greilhuber 2013). Genome size influences minimum cell size, duration of the cell cycle and cell division, nutrient requirements, and it may therefore have a considerable influence on ecological strategies of plants (Bennett 1987, Veselý et al. 2012, Greilhuber & Leitch 2013). The reported genome sizes are from Šmarda et al. (2019). Most values were measured in plants collected in the Czech Republic. The data always refer to the dominant chromosome number and the dominant ploidy level of the given taxon.
Šmarda P., Knápek O., Březinová A., Horová L., Grulich V., Danihelka J., Veselý P., Šmerda J., Rotreklová O. & Bureš P. (2019): Genome size and genomic GC content data for the nearly complete Czech flora with new estimates for 1632 species. – Preslia 90.
Bennett M. D. (1987): Variation in genomic form in plants and its ecological implications. – New Phytol. 106 (Suppl.): 177–200.
Greilhuber J. & Leitch I. J. (2013): Genome size and the phenotype. – In: Leitch I. J., Greilhuber J., Doležel J. & Wendel J. (eds), Plant genome diversity. Vol. 2. Physical structure, behaviour and evolution of plant genomes. Springer, Wien, p. 323–344.
Leitch I. J. & Greilhuber J. (2013): Genome size diversity and evolution in land plants. – In: Leitch I. J., Greilhuber J., Doležel J. & Wendel J. (eds), Plant genome diversity. Vol. 2. Physical structure, behaviour and evolution of plant genomes. Springer, Wien, p. 307–322.
Veselý P., Bureš P., Šmarda P. & Pavlíček T. (2012): Genome size and DNA base composition of geophytes: the mirror of phenology and ecology? – Ann. Bot. 109: 65–75.
The amount of DNA (DNA base-pairs) contained in one set of chromosomes. The data are from Šmarda et al. (2019), where they were obtained for each taxon by dividing its 2C genome size by the respective ploidy level (Greilhuber et al. 2005). Differences in 1Cx values among taxa are therefore virtually free of the polyploidy effect (i.e. only due to amplification of non-coding DNA), although, for polyploids, the 1Cx values are usually slightly smaller due to the increased tendency to eliminate duplicated, redundant DNA (Leitch & Bennett 2004). Because the 1Cx values tend to be similar in related taxa, they can be used to roughly estimate the 2C genome size in related taxa for which only the ploidy level is known so far or, conversely, to estimate their ploidy levels based on the known 2C genome size.
Šmarda P., Knápek O., Březinová A., Horová L., Grulich V., Danihelka J., Veselý P., Šmerda J., Rotreklová O. & Bureš P. (2019): Genome size and genomic GC content data for the nearly complete Czech flora with new estimates for 1632 species. – Preslia 90.
Greilhuber J., Doležel J., Lysák M. A. & Bennett M. D. (2005): The origin, evolution and proposed stabilization of the terms ‘genome size’ and ‘C-value’ to describe nuclear DNA content. – Ann. Bot. 95: 255–260.
Leitch I. J. & Bennett M. D. (2004): Genome downsizing in polyploid plants. – Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 82: 651–663.
Percentage of guanine and cytosine (GC) bases in nuclear DNA. It determines to a great extent the thermal stability of DNA and might influence also DNA packability in the nucleus, the energetic cost of the DNA synthesis or cell sensitivity to desiccation (Šmarda & Bureš 2012, Šmarda et al. 2014). The reported GC contents are from Šmarda et al. (2019). In a vast majority of cases, these data were measured in plants collected in the Czech Republic. The data always refer to the dominant chromosome number and dominant ploidy of the given taxon. Differences up to 1% in closely related taxa or up to 2% in unrelated taxa may be considered insignificant because of possible method errors (Šmarda et al. 2012).
Šmarda P., Knápek O., Březinová A., Horová L., Grulich V., Danihelka J., Veselý P., Šmerda J., Rotreklová O. & Bureš P. (2019): Genome size and genomic GC content data for the nearly complete Czech flora with new estimates for 1632 species. – Preslia 90.
Šmarda P. & Bureš P. (2012): The variation of base composition in plant genomes. – In: Wendel J., Greilhuber J., Doležel J. & Leitch I. J. (eds), Plant genome diversity. Vol. 1. Plant genomes, their residents, and their evolutionary dynamics. Springer, Heidelberg, p. 209–235.
Šmarda P., Bureš P., Šmerda J. & Horová L. (2012): Measurements of genomic GC content in plant genomes with flow cytometry: a test for reliability. – New Phytol. 193: 513–521.
Šmarda P., Bureš P., Horová L., Leitch I. J., Mucina L., Pacini E., Tichý L., Grulich V. & Rotreklová O. (2014): Ecological and evolutionary significance of genomic GC content diversity in monocots. – Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 111: E4096–E4102.
Taxa are classified according to whether they are native or alien in the Czech Republic. The latter are divided based on their residence time (archaeophytes introduced to the area due to human activities before the end of the Medieval vs neophytes introduced after that date). Additionally, some frequently cultivated taxa that are not known to have escaped from cultivation are listed. Following the definitions used in invasion ecology, native taxa are those that have evolved in the area of the Czech Republic or immigrated there without human assistance from the area where they had evolved. Alien taxa are those whose presence is a result of intentional or unintentional introduction by human activity. Archaeophytes are alien taxa occurring in the wild that were introduced during the period between the beginning of the Neolithic agriculture and the year 1500, related to the discovery of America and the beginning of the intercontinental overseas trade. Neophytes are taxa occurring in the wild that were introduced after 1500 (see Richardson et al. 2000 for detailed definitions). Introduced plants that are only cultivated but do not escape to the wild are listed as a separated category.
The data included in the database were originally published in the Catalogue of alien plants of the Czech Republic, 2nd edition (Pyšek et al. 2012 and references related to individual taxa therein). The list was amended by taxa listed in the Checklist of vascular plants of the Czech Republic (Danihelka et al. 2012) and recent records.
Richardson D. M., Pyšek P., Rejmánek M., Barbour M. G., Panetta F. D. & West C. J. (2000): Naturalization and invasion of alien plants: concepts and definitions. – Diversity and Distributions 6: 93–107.
Hemeroby is an indicator of human impact on vegetation. The system of hemeroby levels defined by Sukopp (1972) describes how much human impact a taxon can tolerate. Human impact increases from ahemerobic taxa through oligo-, meso-, β-eu-, α-eu- and poly- to metahemerobic taxa. Data were taken from the BiolFlor database (Klotz & Kühn 2002).
Klotz S. & Kühn I. (2002): Indikatoren des anthropogenen Einflusses auf die Vegetation. – In: Klotz S., Kühn I. & Durka W. (eds), BIOLFLOR: Eine Datenbank mit biologisch-ökologischen Merkmalen zur Flora von Deutschland. – Schriftenr. Vegetationsk. 38: 241–246.
Sukopp H. (1972): Wandel von Flora und Vegetation in Mitteleuropa unter dem Einfluß des Menschen. – Berichte über Landwirtschaft 50: 112–139.
Urbanity is an indicator of human impact on vegetation. Taxa are classified according to their affinity to urban or non-urban areas. Data were taken from the BiolFlor database (Klotz & Kühn 2002).
Klotz S. & Kühn I. (2002): Indikatoren des anthropogenen Einflusses auf die Vegetation. – In: Klotz S., Kühn I. & Durka W. (eds), BIOLFLOR: Eine Datenbank mit biologisch-ökologischen Merkmalen zur Flora von Deutschland. – Schriftenr. Vegetationsk. 38: 241–246.
Indicator value for light is expressed on an ordinal scale from 1 to 9 defined by Ellenberg et al. (1991). The values for individual taxa have been modified and extended for the Czech flora by Chytrý et al. (2018). Values with “x” indicate generalists, i.e. taxa with broad ecological range with respect to light. Indicator values for trees relate to juvenile individuals in herb and shrub layer.
Chytrý M., Tichý L., Dřevojan P., Sádlo J. & Zelený D. (2018): Ellenberg-type indicator values for the Czech flora. – Preslia 90: 83–103.
Ellenberg H., Weber H. E., Düll R., Wirth V., Werner W. & Paulißen D. (1991): Zeigerwerte von Pflanzen in Mitteleuropa. – Scr. Geobot. 18: 1–248.
Indicator value for temperature is expressed on an ordinal scale from 1 to 9 defined by Ellenberg et al. (1991). The values for individual taxa have been modified and extended for the Czech flora by Chytrý et al. (2018). Values with “x” indicate generalists, i.e. taxa with broad ecological range with respect to temperature.
Chytrý M., Tichý L., Dřevojan P., Sádlo J. & Zelený D. (2018): Ellenberg-type indicator values for the Czech flora. – Preslia 90: 83–103.
Ellenberg H., Weber H. E., Düll R., Wirth V., Werner W. & Paulißen D. (1991): Zeigerwerte von Pflanzen in Mitteleuropa. – Scr. Geobot. 18: 1–248.
Indicator value for moisture is expressed on an ordinal scale from 1 to 12 defined by Ellenberg et al. (1991). The values for individual taxa have been modified and extended for the Czech flora by Chytrý et al. (2018). Values with “x” indicate generalists, i.e. taxa with broad ecological range with respect to moisture.
Chytrý M., Tichý L., Dřevojan P., Sádlo J. & Zelený D. (2018): Ellenberg-type indicator values for the Czech flora. – Preslia 90: 83–103.
Ellenberg H., Weber H. E., Düll R., Wirth V., Werner W. & Paulißen D. (1991): Zeigerwerte von Pflanzen in Mitteleuropa. – Scr. Geobot. 18: 1–248.
Indicator value for soil or water reaction is expressed on an ordinal scale from 1 to 9 defined by Ellenberg et al. (1991). The values for individual taxa have been modified and extended for the Czech flora by Chytrý et al. (2018). Values with “x” indicate generalists, i.e. taxa with broad ecological range with respect to the reaction. In acidic environments, the value can be considered as a proxy for pH, while in near-neutral or alkaline environments it is more a proxy for calcium concentration.
Chytrý M., Tichý L., Dřevojan P., Sádlo J. & Zelený D. (2018): Ellenberg-type indicator values for the Czech flora. – Preslia 90: 83–103.
Ellenberg H., Weber H. E., Düll R., Wirth V., Werner W. & Paulißen D. (1991): Zeigerwerte von Pflanzen in Mitteleuropa. – Scr. Geobot. 18: 1–248.
Indicator value for nutrients is expressed on an ordinal scale from 1 to 9 defined by Ellenberg et al. (1991). The values for individual taxa have been modified and extended for the Czech flora by Chytrý et al. (2018). Values with “x” indicate generalists, i.e. taxa with broad ecological range with respect to nutrient availability. The value is a proxy for availability of nitrogen or phosphorus and to some extent also a proxy for site primary productivity.
Chytrý M., Tichý L., Dřevojan P., Sádlo J. & Zelený D. (2018): Ellenberg-type indicator values for the Czech flora. – Preslia 90: 83–103.
Ellenberg H., Weber H. E., Düll R., Wirth V., Werner W. & Paulißen D. (1991): Zeigerwerte von Pflanzen in Mitteleuropa. – Scr. Geobot. 18: 1–248.
Indicator value for salinity is expressed on an ordinal scale from 0 to 9 defined by Ellenberg et al. (1991). The values for individual taxa have been modified and extended for the Czech flora by Chytrý et al. (2018). It is a proxy for concentration in the environment of soluble salts, including sulphates, chlorides and carbonates of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium.
Chytrý M., Tichý L., Dřevojan P., Sádlo J. & Zelený D. (2018): Ellenberg-type indicator values for the Czech flora. – Preslia 90: 83–103.
Ellenberg H., Weber H. E., Düll R., Wirth V., Werner W. & Paulißen D. (1991): Zeigerwerte von Pflanzen in Mitteleuropa. – Scr. Geobot. 18: 1–248.
Indicator values for disturbance according to Herben et al. (2016) express relationships of common taxa of Czech flora separately to the frequency and severity of disturbance. Their values were calculated from a stratified subset of 30,115 vegetation plots from the Czech National Phytosociological Database (Chytrý & Rafajová 2003). Only taxa occurring in at least 20 plots were used. These plots were classified by an expert system into 39 phytosociological vegetation classes as defined in Vegetation of the Czech Republic (Chytrý 2007–2013). For each of these classes the mean frequency and severity of disturbance were assessed based on field observations. Individual disturbance agents were not distinguished but a a wide range of them was considered including logging, cutting, mowing, herbivory, trampling, herbiciding, burning, wind-throws, soil erosion, ploughing, hoeing or burrowing, wave and current action, and flooding. The disturbance indicator value for each taxon was calculated as average disturbance frequency or severity weighted by the frequency of occurrence of that taxon in the plots assigned to these vegetation classes. Indicator values for frequency and severity of disturbance are correlated, but still sufficiently independent to express separate components of the taxon's disturbance niche. The indicator values were calculated separately for all the taxa in the database and for a subset of taxa that occur in the herb layer only. While the whole-community indicator values express all disturbance events that affect the community, the herb layer indicator values express smaller disturbance events that do not affect the tree layer in forests. Both values are identical for taxa of open habitats.
Disturbance frequency indicator values are expressed as the inverse of disturbance return time on a logarithmic scale (in years, common logarithms). Consequently, a value of -2 refers to the return time of a century, and a value of 0 refers to a disturbance occurring every year. This scale means that one unit of the index corresponds to the tenfold change in disturbance frequency.
Disturbance severity indicator values are expressed using an arbitrary scale from 0 (least severe disturbance) to 1 (most severe disturbance) encompassing the effects of biomass removal and soil disturbance. It is based on the assessment of the proportion of above-ground biomass removed and degree of soil disturbance (proportional change in cover of the bare ground) in a single disturbance event. As these numbers were highly correlated, indicators of disturbance severity were defined as their shared variation (scores of individual taxa on the first axis of PCA on correlation matrix of their square rooted values). These scores were normalized to the 0–1 range.
Structure-based disturbance indicator values express disturbance regime based on structural parameters of vegetation plots in which the taxon occurs. These structural parameters are: (i) variation in height at maturity (taken from Kleyer et al. 2008 and Kubát et al. 2002) of all taxa in the vegetation plots where the target taxon occurs, and (ii) variation in summed covers of all taxa in the vegetation plots where the target taxon occurs. The whole community structure-based disturbance indicator values are defined as the shared variation of the standard deviation of the heights of all taxa within each vegetation plot where the target taxon occurs and of variation coefficient of summed cover over vegetation plots where the taxon occurs. The herb layer structure-based disturbance indicator values are defined as the shared variation of the standard deviation of the herb-layer taxon heights within each vegetation plot where the target taxon occurs and of the standard deviation of the summed cover of the herb layer over vegetation plots where the taxon occurs. These values were normalized to the 0–1 range.
The following indicator values for disturbance are defined:
Herben T., Chytrý M. & Klimešová J. (2016): A quest for species-level indicator values for disturbance. – Journal of Vegetation Science 27: 628–636.
Chytrý M. (ed.) (2007–2013): Vegetace České republiky 1–4 [Vegetation of the Czech Republic 1–4]. – Academia, Praha.
Chytrý M. & Rafajová M. (2003): Czech National Phytosociological Database: basic statistics of the available vegetation-plot data. – Preslia 75: 1–15.
Kleyer M., Bekker R. M., Knevel I. C., Bakker J. P., Thompson K., Sonnenschein M., Poschlod P., van Groenendael J. M., Klimeš L., Klimešová J., Klotz S., Rusch G. M., Hermy M., Adriaens D., Boedeltje G., Bossuyt B., Dannemann A., Endels P., Gӧtzenberger L., Hodgson J. G., Jackel A. K., Kühn I., Kunzmann D., Ozinga W. A., Romermann C., Stadler M., Schlegelmilch J., Steendam H.J., Tackenberg O., Wilmann B., Cornelissen J. H. C., Eriksson O., Garnier E. & Peco B. (2008): The LEDA Traitbase: a database of life-history traits of the Northwest European flora. – J. Ecol. 96: 1266–1274.
Kubát K., Hrouda L., Chrtek J. jun., Kaplan Z., Kirschner J. & Štěpánek J. (eds) (2002): Klíč ke květeně Českérepubliky [Key to the flora of the Czech Republic]. – Academia, Praha.
Data on taxon occurrence in habitats of the Czech Republic are based on the analysis of vegetationplots from the Czech National Phytosociological Database (Chytrý & Rafajová 2003) and its expert revision and completion based on the literature and field experience, especially for rare and taxonomically problematic taxa. The classification recognizes 88 basic habitats aggregated to 13 broader habitats that are defined by Sádlo et al. (2007: Appendix 1):
Taxon occurrence in each habitat is assessed on a four-degree scale:
Sádlo J., Chytrý M. & Pyšek P. (2007): Regional species pools of vascular plants in habitats of the Czech Republic. – Preslia 79: 303–321.
Chytrý M. & Rafajová M. (2003): Czech National Phytosociological Database: basic statistics of the available vegetation-plot data. – Preslia 75: 1–15.
Data on the taxon affinity to the forest environment were compiled following the methods used in the German national list of forest taxa (Schmidt et al. 2011). The list of regional species pools of Czech habitats (Sádlo et al. 2007) was used as background data, which were aggregated and revised based on expert knowledge and literature sources. Classification of each taxon was done separately for the region of Thermophyticum (lowlands with thermophilous and drought-adapted flora) and merged regions of Mesophyticum and Oreophyticum (mid-altitudes and mountains with mesophilous and mountain flora; Skalický 1988).
Taxa were classified to these categories:
Dřevojan P., Chytrý M., Sádlo J. & Pyšek P. (2016): Affinity to the forest environment. – www.pladias.cz.
Sádlo J., Chytrý M. & Pyšek P. (2007): Regional species pools of vascular plants in habitats of the Czech Republic. – Preslia 79: 303–321.
Schmidt M., Kriebitzsch W.-U.& Ewald J. (eds.) (2011): Waldartenlisten der Farn- und Blütenpflanzen, Moose und Flechten Deutschlands. – BfN-Skripten 299: 1–111.
Skalický V. (1988): Regionálně fytogeografické členění [Regional phytogeographical division]. – In: Hejný S., Slavík B., Chrtek J., Tomšovic P. & Kovanda M. (eds.), Květena České socialistické republiky 1 [Flora of the Czech Socialist Republic 1], p. 103–121, Academia, Praha.
Data on the diagnostic status of taxa for individual phytosociological classes, alliances or associations were taken from the monograph Vegetation of the Czech Republic (Chytrý 2007–2013). Diagnostic taxa are characterized by a concentration of their occurrence in the stands belonging to the target vegetation unit while being rare or absent in other vegetation units. They were determined based on the calculation of fidelity of each taxon to a group of vegetation plots representing the target vegetation unit in a geographically and ecologically stratified selection of plots of all vegetation types extracted from the Czech National Phytosociological Database (Chytrý & Rafajová 2003). Fidelity was measured using the phi coefficient of association while the sizes of plot groups were virtually standardized to 1% of the total size of the data set following Tichý & Chytrý (2006). The taxa with a value of phi higher than 0.25, whose concentration in the vegetation unit was significant according to Fisher’s exact test (P < 0.001), were considered as diagnostic taxa. The numbers of vegetation plots used for the calculations are given in respective volumes of Vegetation of the Czech Republic.
Chytrý M. (ed.) (2007–2013): Vegetace České republiky 1–4 [Vegetation of the Czech Republic 1–4]. – Academia, Praha.
Chytrý M. & Rafajová M. (2003): Czech National Phytosociological Database: basic statistics of the available vegetation-plot data. – Preslia 75: 1–15.
Tichý L. & Chytrý M. (2006): Statistical determination of diagnostic species for site groups of unequal size. – Journal of Vegetation Science 17: 809–818.
Data on the constant status of taxa for individual phytosociological classes, alliances or associations were taken from the monograph Vegetation of the Czech Republic (Chytrý 2007–2013). Constant taxa are characterized by frequent occurrence in stands belonging to the target vegetation unit, but unlike diagnostic taxa, they can also commonly occur in other vegetation units. They were determined based on the calculation of percentage frequency (constancy) of each taxon in a group of vegetation plots representing the target vegetation unit in a geographically and ecologically stratified selection of plots of all vegetation types extracted from the Czech National Phytosociological Database (Chytrý & Rafajová 2003). The taxa with an occurrence frequency in the vegetation unit higher than 40 % were considered as constant taxa. The numbers of vegetation plots used for the calculations are given in respective volumes of Vegetation of the Czech Republic.
Chytrý M. (ed.) (2007–2013): Vegetace České republiky 1–4. – Academia, Praha.
Chytrý M. & Rafajová M. (2003): Czech National Phytosociological Database: basic statistics of the available vegetation-plot data. – Preslia 75: 1–15.
Data on the dominant status of taxa for individual associations were taken from the monograph Vegetation of the Czech Republic (Chytrý 2007–2013). Dominant taxa are defined here as those occurring with a cover higher than 25% in more than 5% of vegetation plots belonging to the target association. They do not need to be the taxa with the highest cover in the vegetation stands. These taxa were determined based on the group of vegetation plots representing the target vegetation unit in a geographically and ecologically stratified selection of plots of all vegetation types extracted from the Czech National Phytosociological Database (Chytrý & Rafajová 2003). The numbers of vegetation plots used for the calculations are given in respective volumes of Vegetation of the Czech Republic.
Chytrý M. (ed.) (2007–2013): Vegetace České republiky 1–4. – Academia, Praha.
Chytrý M. & Rafajová M. (2003): Czech National Phytosociological Database: basic statistics of the available vegetation-plot data. – Preslia 75: 1–15.
A measure of ecological specialization for individual taxa was estimated based on their co-occurrence with other taxa within the Czech National Phytosociological Database (Chytrý & Rafajová 2003). The underlying assumption is that variation in the composition of accompanying taxa, with which the target taxon co-occurs in different vegetation plots, indicates the range of habitat conditions of these plots, hence of this taxon (Fridley et al. 2007). A taxon co-occurring repeatedly with a similar set of taxa across different plots is more likely to be a specialist with a preference for certain habitat, whereas a taxon co-occurring with various taxa across different plots is more likely to be a generalist tolerating a wide range of habitats. The index of ecological specialization of a taxon is inversely related to beta diversity calculated from vegetation plots containing this taxon.
The algorithm used here is based on Whittaker’s multiplicative measure of beta diversity rarefied to 10 vegetation plots randomly selected from a subset of plots containing the target taxon (β10). Outlier plots with very different species composition were removed from the subset prior to rarefaction, following a recommendation of Botta-Dukát (2012). Three vegetation datasets were selected from a geographically stratified subset of plots from the Czech National Phytosociological Database: (1) a dataset including all the vegetation types (30 115 plots, 1935 taxa), (2) a dataset including only non-forest vegetation (24 712 plots, 1875 taxa) and (3) a dataset including only forest vegetation (5403 plots, 1264 taxa). Because the calculated value of beta diversity decreases with increasing value of taxon specialization, the value of ecological specialization index (ESI) was calculated as ESI = 10 – β10. This value theoretically ranges from 0 to 9, with high values indicating specialists and low values indicating generalists. Each ESI value is accompanied by a taxon weight, which represents the total number of plots in which this taxon occurs within a particular dataset. The weights can be used as a measure of the reliability of the specialization index, which increases with increasing frequency of the taxon in the dataset. Minimum weight is 10, corresponding to the minimum number of occurrences for which ESI was calculated. The theoretical maximum weight is the number of plots in the given dataset.
The following specialization indices and corresponding taxon weights are available (with ranges of values in brackets):
Zelený D. & Chytrý M. (2019): Ecological Specialization Indices for species of the Czech flora. – Preslia 91: 93–116.
Botta-Dukát Z. (2012): Co-occurrence-based measure of species’ habitat specialization: robust, unbiased estimation in saturated communities. – Journal of Vegetation Science 23: 201–207.
Chytrý M. & Rafajová M. (2003): Czech National Phytosociological Database: basic statistics of the available vegetation-plot data. – Preslia 75: 1–15.
Fridley J.D., Vandermast D.B., Kuppinger D.M., Manthey M. & Peet R.K. (2007): Co-occurrence based assessment of habitat generalists and specialists: a new approach for the measurement of niche width. – Journal of Ecology 95: 707–722.
Whittaker R.H. (1960): Vegetation of the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon and California. – Ecological Monographs 30: 279–338.
The floristic zones of the Earth in which the taxon occurs are defined according to Meusel et al. (1965, 1978) and Meusel & Jäger (1992). Data were taken from the BiolFlor database (Kühn & Klotz 2002).
Kühn I. & Klotz S. (2002): Angaben zu den Arealen. – In: Klotz S., Kühn I. & Durka W. (eds), BIOLFLOR: Eine Datenbank mit biologisch-ökologischen Merkmalen zur Flora von Deutschland. – Schriftenr. Vegetationsk. 38: 227–239.
Meusel H. & Jäger E. (1992): Vergleichende Chorologie der zentraleuropäischen Flora. Band III. – Gustav Fischer, Jena.
Meusel H., Jäger E. & Weinert E. (1965): Vergleichende Chorologie der zentraleuropäischen Flora. Band I. – Gustav Fischer, Jena.
Meusel H., Jäger E., Rauschert S. & Weinert E. (1978): Vergleichende Chorologie der zentraleuropäischen Flora. Band II. – Gustav Fischer, Jena.
The floristic region is provided as continents or parts of the continents in which the taxon occurs according to Meusel et al. (1965, 1978) and Meusel & Jäger (1992). Data were taken from the BiolFlor database (Kühn & Klotz 2002).
Kühn I. & Klotz S. (2002): Angaben zu den Arealen. – In: Klotz S., Kühn I. & Durka W. (eds), BIOLFLOR: Eine Datenbank mit biologisch-ökologischen Merkmalen zur Flora von Deutschland. – Schriftenr. Vegetationsk. 38: 227–239.
Meusel H. & Jäger E. (1992): Vergleichende Chorologie der zentraleuropäischen Flora. Band III. – Gustav Fischer, Jena.
Meusel H., Jäger E. & Weinert E. (1965): Vergleichende Chorologie der zentraleuropäischen Flora. Band I. – Gustav Fischer, Jena.
Meusel H., Jäger E., Rauschert S. & Weinert E. (1978): Vergleichende Chorologie der zentraleuropäischen Flora. Band II. – Gustav Fischer, Jena.
Extension of the taxon distribution range along the gradient of continentality from oceanic Western Europe to continental Middle Asia is expressed using the continentality classes defined for the Holarctic Floristic Kingdom by Jäger (1968). The value is the number of adjacent regions assigned to different continentality classes overlapping with the taxon range. Data were taken from Berg et al. (2017).
Jäger E.J. (1968): Die pflanzengeographische Ozeanitätsgliederung der Holarktis und die Ozeanitätsbindung der Pflanzenareale. – Feddes Repert. 79: 157–335.
Altitudinal vegetation belts in which the taxon occurs in the Czech Republic are given according to the Key to the Flora of the Czech Republic (Kaplan et al. 2019). The lowest and the highest altitudinal belt with the common occurrence of the taxon is indicated. For some taxa also extremes are shown, i.e. altitudinal belts in which the taxon occurs rarely outside its main altitudinal range. The submontane belt comprises merged supracolline and submontane belts, and the montane belt comprises merged montane and supramontane belts according to the more detailed classification of altitudinal vegetation zonation used in the Flora of the Czech Republic (Skalický 1988).
Kaplan Z., Danihelka J., Chrtek Jr. J., Kirschner J., Kubát K., Štěpánek J. & Štech M. (eds) (2019): Klíč ke květeně České republiky. – Academia, Praha.
Skalický V. (1988): Regionálně fytogeografické členění [Regional phytogeographical division]. – In: Hejný S., Slavík B., Chrtek J., Tomšovic P. & Kovanda M. (eds), Květena České socialistické republiky 1 [Flora of the Czech Socialist Republic 1], p. 103–121, Academia, Praha.
The number of basic grid mapping cells (Central European Basic Area, CEBA) and the number of quadrants of the Central European flora mapping in that the taxon has been recorded on the territory of the Czech Republic is generated from the current state of the Pladias plant distribution database. The basic grid cells measure 10 × 6 minutes (10 in the west–east direction, 6 in the south–north direction), which corresponds to approximately 12.0 × 11.1 km (133.2 km2) on the 50th parallel. The Czech Republic comprises 679 of the basic cells (including incomplete ones on the state borders). The quadrants are derived from the basic grid cells divided into four. They measure 5 × 3 minutes (5 in the west–east direction, 3 in the south–north direction), which corresponds to approximately 6.0 × 5.55 km (33.3 km2) on the 50th parallel. Revised occurrence records marked as erroneous are not counted.
Pladias. Database of the Czech flora and vegetation. www.pladias.cz.
Measures of commonness in vegetation plots indicate taxon frequency in individual vegetation stands and the cover it attains. All these measures have been quantified based on a set of vegetation plots representing all vegetation types of the Czech Republic that was extracted from the Czech National Phytosociological Database (Chytrý & Rafajová 2003) in March 2013. These plots were classified to phytosociological associations using the expert system developed in the project Vegetation of the Czech Republic (Chytrý 2007–2013). The plots not assigned to any association were deleted, and a subset of plots of each association was selected based on a geographical stratification that reduced the unbalanced numbers of plots from different regions. The following measures of commonness were computed from the resulting set of 30 115 vegetation plots classified to 496 associations:
Chytrý M. (2016): Commonness in vegetation plots from the Czech Republic. – www.pladias.cz.
Chytrý M. (ed.) (2007–2013): Vegetace České republiky 1–4 [Vegetation of the Czech Republic 1–4]. – Academia, Praha.
Chytrý M. & Rafajová M. (2003): Czech National Phytosociological Database: basic statistics of the available vegetation-plot data. – Preslia 75: 1–15.
The number of habitat types (habitats) in which the taxon occurs was counted based on the data from the Czech National Phytosociological Database (Chytrý & Rafajová 2003) and their expert revision and completion, especially for rare and taxonomically problematic taxa. This number is a measure of the taxon ecological range. The classification recognizes 88 basic habitats aggregated to 13 broader habitats that are defined by Sádlo et al. (2007: Appendix 1). The number of habitats is defined in four ways:
Sádlo J., Chytrý M. & Pyšek P. (2007): Regional species pools of vascular plants in habitats of the Czech Republic. – Preslia 79: 303–321.
Chytrý M. & Rafajová M. (2003): Czech National Phytosociological Database: basic statistics of the available vegetation-plot data. – Preslia 75: 1–15.
Legal protection in the Czech Republic concerns the specially protected species, i.e. rare taxa, threatened taxa and taxa significant from a cultural or scientific point of view that are listed in Annex II of the Decree of the Ministry of the Environment no. 395/1992. They comprise 487 taxa of vascular plants divided into three categories according to their vulnerability: 246 critically threatened, 149 endangered and 92 vulnerable taxa.
Decree no. 395/1992 of the Ministry of the Environment of the Czech Republic.